WGU C785 Study Guide – Key Concepts &
Practice Questions 2025!!!
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? -answer ✨✔---amino group
(NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? -
answer ✨✔---Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH,
or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? -answer ✨✔---ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? -answer ✨✔---Primary - linear structure, Secondary -
Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side
chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+
subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? -answer ✨✔---hydrophobic - temperature
change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
,what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? -answer ✨✔---hydrophobic
bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? -answer ✨✔---Extreme temp can cause
hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? -answer ✨✔---Can cause structure to change. Protein
loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? -answer ✨✔---Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy: -answer ✨✔---Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? -answer ✨✔---chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? -answer ✨✔---bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? -answer ✨✔---weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino? -answer ✨✔---piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? -answer ✨✔---piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? -answer ✨✔---Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? -answer ✨✔---Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? -answer ✨✔---strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between
SH's.
, what are zwitterions? -answer ✨✔---amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of
zero
what is a polypeptide -answer ✨✔---polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? -answer ✨✔---Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? -answer ✨✔---adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? -answer ✨✔---twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? -answer ✨✔---folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? -answer ✨✔---loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs
via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? -answer ✨✔---clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by
misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? -answer ✨✔---bind with substrates to decrease activation
energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? -answer ✨✔---decrease activation
energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? -answer ✨✔---enzyme recognizes substrate,
substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed;
product is released, enzyme recycled
Practice Questions 2025!!!
What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? -answer ✨✔---amino group
(NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group
How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? -
answer ✨✔---Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH,
or NH. Charged - end with a charge
what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? -answer ✨✔---ionic,
hydrophobic/non-polar, charged
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? -answer ✨✔---Primary - linear structure, Secondary -
Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side
chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+
subunit
What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? -answer ✨✔---hydrophobic - temperature
change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents
,what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? -answer ✨✔---hydrophobic
bonds
how do environmental changes affect protein folding? -answer ✨✔---Extreme temp can cause
hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding
how do mutations affect protein structure? -answer ✨✔---Can cause structure to change. Protein
loses form = loses function. May form a different protein.
What is an electron? -answer ✨✔---Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding
What is energy: -answer ✨✔---Power derived fro chemical interaction
what are covalent bonds? -answer ✨✔---chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons
what is an ionic bond? -answer ✨✔---bond between positive and negative
what is a hydrogen bond? -answer ✨✔---weak bond between positive and negative
with an amino? -answer ✨✔---piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3
what is a carboyxl? -answer ✨✔---piece of amino acid, COO or COOH
What is hydrophobic? -answer ✨✔---Doesn't like water, end with CH
what is hydrophilic? -answer ✨✔---Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH
what is disulfide bond? -answer ✨✔---strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between
SH's.
, what are zwitterions? -answer ✨✔---amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of
zero
what is a polypeptide -answer ✨✔---polymer of amino acids
What is dehydration synthesis? -answer ✨✔---Process of forming peptide bonds
what is hydrolysis? -answer ✨✔---adding water to destroy bonds
what is an alpha helix? -answer ✨✔---twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is a beta sheet? -answer ✨✔---folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds
what is denaturation? -answer ✨✔---loss of shape duet o interruption of chemical bonds; occurs
via extreme salt, temp, pH
what is aggregation? -answer ✨✔---clumping of inner or outer cellular proteins caused by
misfolded proteins leading to diseases such as Alzheimers, ALS, Parkinson's
how do enzymes catalyze reactions? -answer ✨✔---bind with substrates to decrease activation
energy required and decrease reaction rate
how do enzymes affect reaction rate and activation energy? -answer ✨✔---decrease activation
energy and decrease reaction rate
what are the 4 steps of the enzymatic cycle? -answer ✨✔---enzyme recognizes substrate,
substrate attracts the enzyme; enzyme-substrate complex is formed; enzyme-product complex formed;
product is released, enzyme recycled
