250 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

250 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
P({a, b}) - ANSWERS{{}, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}

A x B where A = {1, 2} B = {3} - ANSWERS{(1, 3), (2, 3)}

concat(L, M), LM - ANSWERSSet of all strings where first part of word from L and
second part from M (no choosing empty string)

A* - ANSWERSKleene Star: result of any number of concatenations on strings in A,
contains concat of nothing (lambda)

Rule of instantiation - ANSWERSThere exists x such that P(x) -> P(c)

Rule of existence - ANSWERSP(c) -> There exists x such that P(x)

Rule of specification - ANSWERSFor all x P(x) -> P(c)

Rule of generalization - ANSWERSP(arb) -> For all x P(x)

symmetric - ANSWERSevery arrow has matching arrow in other direction

antisymmetric - ANSWERSno arrow has a matching arrow in the other direction

transitive - ANSWERSa->b and b->c implies a->c

partial order - ANSWERSreflexive, antisym, transitive
reflexive - ANSWERSevery dot has loop

irreflexive - ANSWERSno dot has a loop

well-defined - ANSWERSx's can't have more than one arrow

onto - ANSWERSeverything in range is hit (surjection)

one-to-one - ANSWERSdifferent domain cannot have same output (injection)

fully comparable - ANSWERSR(x, y) v R(y, x)

equivalence relation - ANSWERSreflexive, symmetric, transitive