WGU C854 Power Form Optimization Proposal With
Dr Beth Gordy Latest 2025/2026 with complete
solution
research literature - Answer-is the set of published research studies on a
particular topic
various studies with the same result = CONFIDENCE
**Don't trust a single research study as the final word on a topic!**
AERA - Answer-American Educational Research Association - largest and most
prestigious research association in the field of education
abstract - Answer-a brief summary of what is included in the article.
provides a concise breakdown of article goals, methods, and tentative results
researchers choose to include
understanding - Answer-(type of research objective)
attempting to learn about and generate ideas about specific and unique
phenomena
,epistemology - Answer-the overall understanding of how knowledge is created or
shared
*scientific realism
*search for truth
*justification by empirical confirmation of hypoteses
*universal scientific standards
determinism - Answer-all events are fully determined by one or more causes
sampling - Answer-is the process of drawing a sample from a population
equal probability of selection method (EPSEM) - Answer-each individual in the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
(random sampling)
representative sample - Answer-resembles the population that it came from on
ALL characteristics (the proportions of males and females, teachers and non-
teachers, young and old people, and so forth) except total size
(is like the population except that it is smaller)
,biased samples - Answer-nonrandom samples are said to be biased samples
because they are almost always systematically different from the population on
certain characteristics
6 most common methods of data collection - Answer-1. tests - most common
method used in quantitative research // used to gather data on intellectual
processes, attitudes, personality, self-perceptions, aptitude, and other
characteristics of research participants. ***MOST COMMON TYPE IS
STANDARDIZED TESTS*** (multiple choices, true-false, and matching)
2. questionnaires - research participant reads and records his or her own answers
in the spaces provided on the questionnaire
3. interviews - rarely used in quantitative research, but could be possible if
handled correctly (PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER) - if used in
quantitative, must STANDARDIZE what is being presented to respondents -
expose each participant to the same stimulus - use INTERVIEW PROTOCOL (data-
collection instrument that includes items, response categories, instructions and so
forth) - ***interview protocol is similar to questionnaire***
4. focus groups
5. observation - PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER - rarely used in
quantitative research but may be possible if handled correctly.
6. constructed and secondary or existing data
, quantitative observation - Answer-the standardization of observational
procedures in order to obtain reliable quantitative data, such as counts or
frequencies and percentages
requires the standardization of different aspects of observations:
1. WHO is observed - what kinds of people are to be studied, such as teachers or
students
2. WHAT is observed - what variables are to be observed, such as time on task or
out-of-seat behavior
3. WHEN the observations are to take place - during the morning hour, during
break time
4. WHERE the observations are to be carried out - in the laboratory, in the
classroom, in the lunchroom, on the playground
5. HOW the observations are to be done - extensive training of observers to use
same procedures so high interrater reliability can be obtained.
2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods - Answer-1. experimental research
2. non-experimental research
experimental research - Answer-manipulating variables in a controlled
environment to isolate the causal effects of a particular variable or set of
variables
Dr Beth Gordy Latest 2025/2026 with complete
solution
research literature - Answer-is the set of published research studies on a
particular topic
various studies with the same result = CONFIDENCE
**Don't trust a single research study as the final word on a topic!**
AERA - Answer-American Educational Research Association - largest and most
prestigious research association in the field of education
abstract - Answer-a brief summary of what is included in the article.
provides a concise breakdown of article goals, methods, and tentative results
researchers choose to include
understanding - Answer-(type of research objective)
attempting to learn about and generate ideas about specific and unique
phenomena
,epistemology - Answer-the overall understanding of how knowledge is created or
shared
*scientific realism
*search for truth
*justification by empirical confirmation of hypoteses
*universal scientific standards
determinism - Answer-all events are fully determined by one or more causes
sampling - Answer-is the process of drawing a sample from a population
equal probability of selection method (EPSEM) - Answer-each individual in the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
(random sampling)
representative sample - Answer-resembles the population that it came from on
ALL characteristics (the proportions of males and females, teachers and non-
teachers, young and old people, and so forth) except total size
(is like the population except that it is smaller)
,biased samples - Answer-nonrandom samples are said to be biased samples
because they are almost always systematically different from the population on
certain characteristics
6 most common methods of data collection - Answer-1. tests - most common
method used in quantitative research // used to gather data on intellectual
processes, attitudes, personality, self-perceptions, aptitude, and other
characteristics of research participants. ***MOST COMMON TYPE IS
STANDARDIZED TESTS*** (multiple choices, true-false, and matching)
2. questionnaires - research participant reads and records his or her own answers
in the spaces provided on the questionnaire
3. interviews - rarely used in quantitative research, but could be possible if
handled correctly (PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER) - if used in
quantitative, must STANDARDIZE what is being presented to respondents -
expose each participant to the same stimulus - use INTERVIEW PROTOCOL (data-
collection instrument that includes items, response categories, instructions and so
forth) - ***interview protocol is similar to questionnaire***
4. focus groups
5. observation - PRIMARILY FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCHER - rarely used in
quantitative research but may be possible if handled correctly.
6. constructed and secondary or existing data
, quantitative observation - Answer-the standardization of observational
procedures in order to obtain reliable quantitative data, such as counts or
frequencies and percentages
requires the standardization of different aspects of observations:
1. WHO is observed - what kinds of people are to be studied, such as teachers or
students
2. WHAT is observed - what variables are to be observed, such as time on task or
out-of-seat behavior
3. WHEN the observations are to take place - during the morning hour, during
break time
4. WHERE the observations are to be carried out - in the laboratory, in the
classroom, in the lunchroom, on the playground
5. HOW the observations are to be done - extensive training of observers to use
same procedures so high interrater reliability can be obtained.
2 Types of Quantitative Research Methods - Answer-1. experimental research
2. non-experimental research
experimental research - Answer-manipulating variables in a controlled
environment to isolate the causal effects of a particular variable or set of
variables
