CANADIAN DIABETES EDUCATOR
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026
DiagnosisBofBDiabetesB(FPG,BA1C,B2hPGBinBaB75gBOFTT,BrandomBPG)B-
BAnswerFPGB>/=7mmol/mlB
A1cB>/=B6.5%B
2hBPGBinBaB75gBOGTTB>/=B11mmol/LB
randomBPGB>/=B11.1mmol/L
PrediabetesB(i.e.BatBhighBriskBforBdevelopingBdiabetes)B-BA1CB-BAnswer6-6.4%
whatBmedicalBconditionsBcanBcauseBA1CBresultsBtoBbeBmisleading?B-BAnswer-
hemoglobinopathiesB
-ironBdeficienciesB
-hemolyticBanemiaB
-severeBhepaticBorBrenalBdisease
ImpairedBFastingBglucoseB(IFG)B-BAnswerFPGB-B6.1-6.9mmol/L
ImpairedBglucoseBtoleranceB(IGT)B-BAnswerOGTTB(w/B75gBofBglucose)B7.8-11mmol/L
ScreeningBforBT1DBisB....B-BAnswerNOTBrecommended
ScreeningBrecommendationsBforBT2DB-
BAnsweruseBFPGBand/orBA1cBeveryB3ByearsBinBindividualsB>/=40yoBorBinBindividualsBatBhighB
riskB(usingBriskBcalculator)
macrosomicBinfantB-BAnswerinfantBthatBweighsBoverB8lbsBatBbirth
microvascularBcomplicationsB-BAnswerretinopathy,Bneuropathy,Bnephropathy
macrovascularBcomplicationsB-BAnswercoronary,Bcerebrovascular,Bperipheral
,PharmacologicalBtherapiesBforBPREVENTIONBofBT2DB(includeBbyBhowBmuchB%BitBisBreducedBb
y)B-BAnswer1.BMetforminB(~30%)B
2.BAcarboseB(~30%)B
3.BThiazolidinedionesB(~60%)
ACCORD,BADVANCEBandBVADTBwereBtheBthreeBmajorBtrialsBthatBconcludedBwhat?B-
BAnswerintensiveBglycemicBcontrolB-
BloweringBA1CB<6%BresultedBinBhigherBmortality,BsevereBepisodesBofBhypoglycemiaB-
BthereforeBtargetsBshouldBindividualized!!
TARGETBforBA1C,BFPGBandBRPGBforBMOSTBDiabeticB(T1DBandBT2D)Bpatients?B-
BAnswerA1cB<7mmol/LB
FPGB4-7mmol/LB
PPGB5-10mmol/LB(5-8mmol/LBifBA1cBtargetBnotBachieved)
WhoBshouldBhaveBtargetBofBA1cB<6.5%B-
BAnswerinBT2DBtoBfurtherBdecreaseBriskBofBnephropathyBandBretinopathyB(ensureBthereBisBaB
balanceBsoBasBnotBtoBcauseBHYPOGLYCEMIA)
WhoBshouldBhaveBtargetBofB7.1-8.5%B(7)B-BAnswer1.BlimitedBlifeBexpectancyB
2.BHighBlevelBofBfunctionalBdependencyB
3.BsevereBcoronaryBarteryBdisease/BincreasedBriskBforBischemicBeventsB
4.BmultipleBcomorbiditiesB
5.BHXBofBrecurrentBsevereBhypoglycemicBepisodesB
6.BhypoglycemicBunawarenessB
7.BLongBstandingBdiabetesBthatBisBdifficultBtoBreduceBA1c<7%B-
BdespiteBappropriateBtreatments
HowBandBwhenBshouldBverificationBofBtheBaccuracyBofBSMBGBmonitorsBbeBdone?BWhatBisBth
eBacceptableBdifference?B-BAnswerWhen:BannuallyBorBwhenBA1CBresultsBdoBnotBmatch
How:BcomparingBFPGBmachineBresultsBwithBFPGBfromBlabBmeasurements
acceptableBdifferenceBisB20%
, IfBonBinsulinBandBplanningBexercise.BWhatBisBtheBBGBtoBwatchBoutBforBtoBpreventBHYPOglyc
emia?BWhatBshouldBbeBdoneBifBBGBisBatBorBpastBcutBoff?B-BAnswerBGB<B5.5mmol/LB
TakeB15-30gBofBcarbsBPRE-exercise
exerciseBrecommendationBforBdiabetes?B-
BAnswer150min/weekBofBmoderateBintensityBaerobicBexerciseBspreadBoverB3BdaysBwithBnoBm
oreBthanB2BdaysBofBsedentaryB
2-3BtimesBperBweekBofBresistanceBtraining
HowBwellBcanBnutritionBtherapyBreduceBA1C?B-BAnswerCanBreduceBA1CBbyB1-2%
carbohydratesBrecommendationB-BAnswernoBlessBthanB130g/dB(toBmaintainBglucoseBtoBbrain)B
noBlessBthanB45%BofBenergyB(60%BifBhighBinBfibreBandBlowBglycemicBindex)
DietaryBfiberBrecommendationB-BAnswer25-38gBforBwomenB
21-30gBforBmenB
>51yoBw/Bdiabetes
RecommendedBaddedBsugarsBintake?B-
BAnswernoBmoreBthanB10%BofBtotalBdailyBenergyB(aka.B50-65g/dayBforBaB2000-
2600kcal/dayBdiet)
EatingBWellBwithBCanada'sBFoodBGuideBrecommendationBforBfruitBandBveggiesB?B-BAnswer7-
10BservingsB/Bday
RecommendationBforBFatBintake?BsaturatedBfats?B-BAnswer20-35%BofBenergyBintakeB
saturatedBfatsB<7%BofBtotalBdaily
whatBtypeBofBfatsBareBpreferred?B-BAnswermonounsaturatedBfatsB(MUFA)B
polyunsaturatedBfatsB(PUFA)B
longBchainBomegaB3BFAB
includedBupBtoB10%BofBtotalBenergyBintake
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026
DiagnosisBofBDiabetesB(FPG,BA1C,B2hPGBinBaB75gBOFTT,BrandomBPG)B-
BAnswerFPGB>/=7mmol/mlB
A1cB>/=B6.5%B
2hBPGBinBaB75gBOGTTB>/=B11mmol/LB
randomBPGB>/=B11.1mmol/L
PrediabetesB(i.e.BatBhighBriskBforBdevelopingBdiabetes)B-BA1CB-BAnswer6-6.4%
whatBmedicalBconditionsBcanBcauseBA1CBresultsBtoBbeBmisleading?B-BAnswer-
hemoglobinopathiesB
-ironBdeficienciesB
-hemolyticBanemiaB
-severeBhepaticBorBrenalBdisease
ImpairedBFastingBglucoseB(IFG)B-BAnswerFPGB-B6.1-6.9mmol/L
ImpairedBglucoseBtoleranceB(IGT)B-BAnswerOGTTB(w/B75gBofBglucose)B7.8-11mmol/L
ScreeningBforBT1DBisB....B-BAnswerNOTBrecommended
ScreeningBrecommendationsBforBT2DB-
BAnsweruseBFPGBand/orBA1cBeveryB3ByearsBinBindividualsB>/=40yoBorBinBindividualsBatBhighB
riskB(usingBriskBcalculator)
macrosomicBinfantB-BAnswerinfantBthatBweighsBoverB8lbsBatBbirth
microvascularBcomplicationsB-BAnswerretinopathy,Bneuropathy,Bnephropathy
macrovascularBcomplicationsB-BAnswercoronary,Bcerebrovascular,Bperipheral
,PharmacologicalBtherapiesBforBPREVENTIONBofBT2DB(includeBbyBhowBmuchB%BitBisBreducedBb
y)B-BAnswer1.BMetforminB(~30%)B
2.BAcarboseB(~30%)B
3.BThiazolidinedionesB(~60%)
ACCORD,BADVANCEBandBVADTBwereBtheBthreeBmajorBtrialsBthatBconcludedBwhat?B-
BAnswerintensiveBglycemicBcontrolB-
BloweringBA1CB<6%BresultedBinBhigherBmortality,BsevereBepisodesBofBhypoglycemiaB-
BthereforeBtargetsBshouldBindividualized!!
TARGETBforBA1C,BFPGBandBRPGBforBMOSTBDiabeticB(T1DBandBT2D)Bpatients?B-
BAnswerA1cB<7mmol/LB
FPGB4-7mmol/LB
PPGB5-10mmol/LB(5-8mmol/LBifBA1cBtargetBnotBachieved)
WhoBshouldBhaveBtargetBofBA1cB<6.5%B-
BAnswerinBT2DBtoBfurtherBdecreaseBriskBofBnephropathyBandBretinopathyB(ensureBthereBisBaB
balanceBsoBasBnotBtoBcauseBHYPOGLYCEMIA)
WhoBshouldBhaveBtargetBofB7.1-8.5%B(7)B-BAnswer1.BlimitedBlifeBexpectancyB
2.BHighBlevelBofBfunctionalBdependencyB
3.BsevereBcoronaryBarteryBdisease/BincreasedBriskBforBischemicBeventsB
4.BmultipleBcomorbiditiesB
5.BHXBofBrecurrentBsevereBhypoglycemicBepisodesB
6.BhypoglycemicBunawarenessB
7.BLongBstandingBdiabetesBthatBisBdifficultBtoBreduceBA1c<7%B-
BdespiteBappropriateBtreatments
HowBandBwhenBshouldBverificationBofBtheBaccuracyBofBSMBGBmonitorsBbeBdone?BWhatBisBth
eBacceptableBdifference?B-BAnswerWhen:BannuallyBorBwhenBA1CBresultsBdoBnotBmatch
How:BcomparingBFPGBmachineBresultsBwithBFPGBfromBlabBmeasurements
acceptableBdifferenceBisB20%
, IfBonBinsulinBandBplanningBexercise.BWhatBisBtheBBGBtoBwatchBoutBforBtoBpreventBHYPOglyc
emia?BWhatBshouldBbeBdoneBifBBGBisBatBorBpastBcutBoff?B-BAnswerBGB<B5.5mmol/LB
TakeB15-30gBofBcarbsBPRE-exercise
exerciseBrecommendationBforBdiabetes?B-
BAnswer150min/weekBofBmoderateBintensityBaerobicBexerciseBspreadBoverB3BdaysBwithBnoBm
oreBthanB2BdaysBofBsedentaryB
2-3BtimesBperBweekBofBresistanceBtraining
HowBwellBcanBnutritionBtherapyBreduceBA1C?B-BAnswerCanBreduceBA1CBbyB1-2%
carbohydratesBrecommendationB-BAnswernoBlessBthanB130g/dB(toBmaintainBglucoseBtoBbrain)B
noBlessBthanB45%BofBenergyB(60%BifBhighBinBfibreBandBlowBglycemicBindex)
DietaryBfiberBrecommendationB-BAnswer25-38gBforBwomenB
21-30gBforBmenB
>51yoBw/Bdiabetes
RecommendedBaddedBsugarsBintake?B-
BAnswernoBmoreBthanB10%BofBtotalBdailyBenergyB(aka.B50-65g/dayBforBaB2000-
2600kcal/dayBdiet)
EatingBWellBwithBCanada'sBFoodBGuideBrecommendationBforBfruitBandBveggiesB?B-BAnswer7-
10BservingsB/Bday
RecommendationBforBFatBintake?BsaturatedBfats?B-BAnswer20-35%BofBenergyBintakeB
saturatedBfatsB<7%BofBtotalBdaily
whatBtypeBofBfatsBareBpreferred?B-BAnswermonounsaturatedBfatsB(MUFA)B
polyunsaturatedBfatsB(PUFA)B
longBchainBomegaB3BFAB
includedBupBtoB10%BofBtotalBenergyBintake
