CHEM 1011 ACTUAL 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔anode vs cathode - ✔✔anode=electrode where oxidation occurs
cathode-electrode where reduction occurs
✔✔Salt bridge - ✔✔the electrical circuit (cell) is complete when the two locations are
connected with thos porous medium that maintains charge balance so thatthe two sides
of the cellremain electrically neutral
**contains an inert electrolyte solution
** in this lab = KCl where the + K ions migrate to cathode side to balance the incoming
electrons
& - Cl ions migrate to anode to balance the loss of electrons
✔✔ion - ✔✔an atom with an overall electric charge
✔✔characterisitics of metals: - ✔✔ductility, malleability, ability to conduct heat and
electricity
✔✔anions - ✔✔atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged (nonmetals)
✔✔ionic compounds - ✔✔result when cations and anions interact; these ions are held
together by strong electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) in a lattic structure
**the hallmark of ionic compounds = they dissolve in H2O through a process called
hydration which separates the anions and catiosn from one antoher
✔✔ionic reaction - ✔✔a reaction between two or more ionic compounds in an aqueous
solution where they dissociate and rearrange through a double displacement reaction
=> the anion of one ionic compound is exchange with the anion of another ionic
compound to form two new compounds
✔✔Three types of double displacement reactions - ✔✔1) precipitation = an insoluble
ionic compound is formed
2)neutralization=reactants consist of an acid and a base and a water and new ionic
compound ( a salt) is formed
3)gas-producing = formation of gaseous product
✔✔identification of unknown cations - ✔✔determined via a series of flames tests where
elements create unique emission spectra when exposed to a flame
=> this color change of a flame occurs as the metallic cation becomes excited and
emits photons (bands of colored light)
✔✔ssteroechemistry - ✔✔a branch of chemistry that deals with arrangement of atoms in
molecules and the resutls of that arrangmeeents have on both the chemical and
physical properties of a molecule
, ✔✔isomers - ✔✔different compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural or spatial arrangements of atoms within the molecules; divided into two broad
cateogies: structural isomers and seteroisomers
✔✔stereoisomers - ✔✔isomers produced when atoms have different 3D orientation; two
types (geometric =cis/trans) and optical
✔✔structural isomers - ✔✔chemicals with same formula have atoms arranged in
dfferent orders
✔✔Chain isomers - ✔✔molecules with same molecular formula but different
arrangement of the carbon skeleton; a simple hydrocarbons
✔✔positional isomers - ✔✔molecules with the same molecular formula but with
functional groups in different locations of the carbon skeleton
(ex. 1-bromopropane vs 2-bromopropane)
✔✔functional isomers - ✔✔molecules with same molecular formula but different
functional groups
**this is possible when different groups reults from rearranging atoms
✔✔ solution - ✔✔consists of a solvent (dissolving medium) and one or more solutes;
most of its properites are dependent on the properties of the solute
✔✔Colligative properties - ✔✔properties of a solution that depend only on the number
of particles dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles themselves. The main ones
are boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
✔✔Boiling point - ✔✔temeperature where vapor pressure equals atoms on the liquid;
-elevated boiling points are related to: 1) # concentration of solute particles & 2) the
nature of the solvent
**solutions with non-volatile solutes have a decreased vapor pressure which means that
an increased temp is req'd to boil the solution than a pure solvent
✔✔how does solute affect freezing point - ✔✔the presence of the solute interferes with
formation of a solid as th eolutions cools; solutins with non-volatile solutes have a
decreased freezing points than pure solvents
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔if a cell is placed in a salt concentration in a solution lower
than that of the cell
-->the water will move from the solution into the cell and will expand
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔anode vs cathode - ✔✔anode=electrode where oxidation occurs
cathode-electrode where reduction occurs
✔✔Salt bridge - ✔✔the electrical circuit (cell) is complete when the two locations are
connected with thos porous medium that maintains charge balance so thatthe two sides
of the cellremain electrically neutral
**contains an inert electrolyte solution
** in this lab = KCl where the + K ions migrate to cathode side to balance the incoming
electrons
& - Cl ions migrate to anode to balance the loss of electrons
✔✔ion - ✔✔an atom with an overall electric charge
✔✔characterisitics of metals: - ✔✔ductility, malleability, ability to conduct heat and
electricity
✔✔anions - ✔✔atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged (nonmetals)
✔✔ionic compounds - ✔✔result when cations and anions interact; these ions are held
together by strong electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) in a lattic structure
**the hallmark of ionic compounds = they dissolve in H2O through a process called
hydration which separates the anions and catiosn from one antoher
✔✔ionic reaction - ✔✔a reaction between two or more ionic compounds in an aqueous
solution where they dissociate and rearrange through a double displacement reaction
=> the anion of one ionic compound is exchange with the anion of another ionic
compound to form two new compounds
✔✔Three types of double displacement reactions - ✔✔1) precipitation = an insoluble
ionic compound is formed
2)neutralization=reactants consist of an acid and a base and a water and new ionic
compound ( a salt) is formed
3)gas-producing = formation of gaseous product
✔✔identification of unknown cations - ✔✔determined via a series of flames tests where
elements create unique emission spectra when exposed to a flame
=> this color change of a flame occurs as the metallic cation becomes excited and
emits photons (bands of colored light)
✔✔ssteroechemistry - ✔✔a branch of chemistry that deals with arrangement of atoms in
molecules and the resutls of that arrangmeeents have on both the chemical and
physical properties of a molecule
, ✔✔isomers - ✔✔different compounds with the same molecular formula but different
structural or spatial arrangements of atoms within the molecules; divided into two broad
cateogies: structural isomers and seteroisomers
✔✔stereoisomers - ✔✔isomers produced when atoms have different 3D orientation; two
types (geometric =cis/trans) and optical
✔✔structural isomers - ✔✔chemicals with same formula have atoms arranged in
dfferent orders
✔✔Chain isomers - ✔✔molecules with same molecular formula but different
arrangement of the carbon skeleton; a simple hydrocarbons
✔✔positional isomers - ✔✔molecules with the same molecular formula but with
functional groups in different locations of the carbon skeleton
(ex. 1-bromopropane vs 2-bromopropane)
✔✔functional isomers - ✔✔molecules with same molecular formula but different
functional groups
**this is possible when different groups reults from rearranging atoms
✔✔ solution - ✔✔consists of a solvent (dissolving medium) and one or more solutes;
most of its properites are dependent on the properties of the solute
✔✔Colligative properties - ✔✔properties of a solution that depend only on the number
of particles dissolved in it, not the properties of the particles themselves. The main ones
are boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.
✔✔Boiling point - ✔✔temeperature where vapor pressure equals atoms on the liquid;
-elevated boiling points are related to: 1) # concentration of solute particles & 2) the
nature of the solvent
**solutions with non-volatile solutes have a decreased vapor pressure which means that
an increased temp is req'd to boil the solution than a pure solvent
✔✔how does solute affect freezing point - ✔✔the presence of the solute interferes with
formation of a solid as th eolutions cools; solutins with non-volatile solutes have a
decreased freezing points than pure solvents
✔✔hypotonic solution - ✔✔if a cell is placed in a salt concentration in a solution lower
than that of the cell
-->the water will move from the solution into the cell and will expand
