NSG 555 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the main symptoms of cataracts? - ✔✔Gradually progressive blurred
vision, no pain or redness, and lens opacities.
✔✔What are common causes of cataracts? - ✔✔Aging process, diabetes, smoking, UV
exposure, and corticosteroid treatment.
✔✔What is the treatment indicated when cataracts affect daily activities? - ✔✔Surgery,
specifically extraction and lens implant.
✔✔What is the main surgical technique for cataract removal? - ✔✔Ultrasonic
fragmentation (phacoemulsification) of the lens nucleus.
✔✔What is the prognosis for patients undergoing cataract surgery? - ✔✔Patients
typically recover very well from cataract surgery.
✔✔What risk is associated with the use of alpha-blockers in cataract surgery? -
✔✔Greatest risk of floppy iris syndrome.
✔✔What are the clinical findings of Dry Eye Syndrome? - ✔✔Dryness, redness, foreign
body sensation, and variable vision.
✔✔What is the indication for laser treatments after cataract surgery? - ✔✔If the
posterior capsule opacifies months to years after the initial surgery.
✔✔What is the primary method of cataract surgery that reduces postoperative
complications? - ✔✔Performing surgery through a small incision without the need for
sutures.
✔✔What is the significance of topical eyedrops in cataract management? - ✔✔They
may dissolve or prevent cataracts.
✔✔What are early clinical findings of cataracts observable with an ophthalmoscope? -
✔✔Lens opacities can be seen, and the retina becomes increasingly difficult to
visualize.
✔✔What visual complaint do patients with cataracts often have at night? - ✔✔Poor
night vision.
✔✔What happens to the pupil in advanced cataract cases? - ✔✔The pupil may appear
white, and fundus reflection may be absent.
,✔✔What is the primary characteristic of inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔It
impacts quality of life and causes tear instability, with patients often feeling tired.
✔✔What are common causes of inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔Drugs,
contact lens use, screen time, and rheumatologic conditions.
✔✔What is the first line treatment for inflammatory ocular surface disease? -
✔✔Artificial tears or ointments, lifestyle changes (smoking, screen time), warm
compresses, lid hygiene, and anti-inflammatory medications.
✔✔What is the prognosis for inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔It relapses and
is chronic.
✔✔What type of hearing loss is characterized by gradually progressive, predominantly
high-frequency loss? - ✔✔Age-related hearing loss.
✔✔What is the most common form of sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔Age-related
hearing loss.
✔✔How is conductive hearing loss identified using the Weber test? - ✔✔The sound is
heard louder in the ear with poorer hearing.
✔✔How is sensorineural hearing loss identified using the Weber test? - ✔✔The sound
radiates to the ear that hears better.
✔✔What does the Rinne test assess in hearing loss? - ✔✔It compares bone conduction
(BC) and air conduction (AC) of sound.
✔✔What indicates conductive hearing loss in the Rinne test? - ✔✔Bone conduction
(BC) is greater than air conduction (AC).
✔✔What is the primary treatment for age-related hearing loss? - ✔✔Hearing
amplification through contemporary hearing aids or cochlear implants.
✔✔What is a key feature of age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Deterioration of
central vision, which can be acute or chronic, with no pain or redness.
✔✔What are the two classifications of age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Dry
(atrophic, geographic) and wet (neovascular, exudative).
✔✔What is the main difference between dry and wet age-related macular
degeneration? - ✔✔Dry is gradual and progressive due to atrophy, while wet involves
rapid vision loss due to choroidal new vessel growth.
, ✔✔What are common risk factors for age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Aging,
smoking, genetics/family history, and low antioxidant diet.
✔✔What treatments are available for dry age-related macular degeneration? -
✔✔Pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol.
✔✔What treatments are available for wet age-related macular degeneration? -
✔✔Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors such as ranibizumab, bevacizumab,
aflibercept, faricimab, and prolucizumab.
✔✔What is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in developing countries?
- ✔✔Age-related macular degeneration.
✔✔What is the primary difference between cataracts and macular degeneration? -
✔✔Cataracts affect the lens and vision loss is reversible with surgery; macular
degeneration affects central vision and is not reversible.
✔✔What are the differences in onset between asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma
typically begins in childhood/adolescence, while COPD usually occurs in adults over 40.
✔✔How do symptoms differ between asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma symptoms are
episodic, whereas COPD symptoms are constant and progressive.
✔✔What is the first line treatment for asthma compared to COPD? - ✔✔Asthma is
treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), while COPD is managed with bronchodilators.
✔✔What associated conditions are linked to asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma is
associated with eczema and allergies; COPD is associated with smoking.
✔✔How is asthma diagnosed? - ✔✔Through a history of variable symptoms (wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough) and spirometry showing significant
improvement after bronchodilator use.
✔✔How does the post-bronchodilation response in asthma differ from COPD? - ✔✔In
asthma, the post-bronchodilation response is usually marked, while COPD shows little
change.
✔✔What is the recommended medication for asthma symptoms less than 4-5 days a
week? - ✔✔Low-dose ICS-formoterol as-needed.
✔✔What treatment is suggested for asthma symptoms occurring most days or waking
with asthma once a week? - ✔✔Low-dose maintenance ICS-formoterol and low-dose
ICS-formoterol reliever.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What are the main symptoms of cataracts? - ✔✔Gradually progressive blurred
vision, no pain or redness, and lens opacities.
✔✔What are common causes of cataracts? - ✔✔Aging process, diabetes, smoking, UV
exposure, and corticosteroid treatment.
✔✔What is the treatment indicated when cataracts affect daily activities? - ✔✔Surgery,
specifically extraction and lens implant.
✔✔What is the main surgical technique for cataract removal? - ✔✔Ultrasonic
fragmentation (phacoemulsification) of the lens nucleus.
✔✔What is the prognosis for patients undergoing cataract surgery? - ✔✔Patients
typically recover very well from cataract surgery.
✔✔What risk is associated with the use of alpha-blockers in cataract surgery? -
✔✔Greatest risk of floppy iris syndrome.
✔✔What are the clinical findings of Dry Eye Syndrome? - ✔✔Dryness, redness, foreign
body sensation, and variable vision.
✔✔What is the indication for laser treatments after cataract surgery? - ✔✔If the
posterior capsule opacifies months to years after the initial surgery.
✔✔What is the primary method of cataract surgery that reduces postoperative
complications? - ✔✔Performing surgery through a small incision without the need for
sutures.
✔✔What is the significance of topical eyedrops in cataract management? - ✔✔They
may dissolve or prevent cataracts.
✔✔What are early clinical findings of cataracts observable with an ophthalmoscope? -
✔✔Lens opacities can be seen, and the retina becomes increasingly difficult to
visualize.
✔✔What visual complaint do patients with cataracts often have at night? - ✔✔Poor
night vision.
✔✔What happens to the pupil in advanced cataract cases? - ✔✔The pupil may appear
white, and fundus reflection may be absent.
,✔✔What is the primary characteristic of inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔It
impacts quality of life and causes tear instability, with patients often feeling tired.
✔✔What are common causes of inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔Drugs,
contact lens use, screen time, and rheumatologic conditions.
✔✔What is the first line treatment for inflammatory ocular surface disease? -
✔✔Artificial tears or ointments, lifestyle changes (smoking, screen time), warm
compresses, lid hygiene, and anti-inflammatory medications.
✔✔What is the prognosis for inflammatory ocular surface disease? - ✔✔It relapses and
is chronic.
✔✔What type of hearing loss is characterized by gradually progressive, predominantly
high-frequency loss? - ✔✔Age-related hearing loss.
✔✔What is the most common form of sensorineural hearing loss? - ✔✔Age-related
hearing loss.
✔✔How is conductive hearing loss identified using the Weber test? - ✔✔The sound is
heard louder in the ear with poorer hearing.
✔✔How is sensorineural hearing loss identified using the Weber test? - ✔✔The sound
radiates to the ear that hears better.
✔✔What does the Rinne test assess in hearing loss? - ✔✔It compares bone conduction
(BC) and air conduction (AC) of sound.
✔✔What indicates conductive hearing loss in the Rinne test? - ✔✔Bone conduction
(BC) is greater than air conduction (AC).
✔✔What is the primary treatment for age-related hearing loss? - ✔✔Hearing
amplification through contemporary hearing aids or cochlear implants.
✔✔What is a key feature of age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Deterioration of
central vision, which can be acute or chronic, with no pain or redness.
✔✔What are the two classifications of age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Dry
(atrophic, geographic) and wet (neovascular, exudative).
✔✔What is the main difference between dry and wet age-related macular
degeneration? - ✔✔Dry is gradual and progressive due to atrophy, while wet involves
rapid vision loss due to choroidal new vessel growth.
, ✔✔What are common risk factors for age-related macular degeneration? - ✔✔Aging,
smoking, genetics/family history, and low antioxidant diet.
✔✔What treatments are available for dry age-related macular degeneration? -
✔✔Pegcetacoplan and avacincaptad pegol.
✔✔What treatments are available for wet age-related macular degeneration? -
✔✔Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors such as ranibizumab, bevacizumab,
aflibercept, faricimab, and prolucizumab.
✔✔What is the leading cause of irreversible central vision loss in developing countries?
- ✔✔Age-related macular degeneration.
✔✔What is the primary difference between cataracts and macular degeneration? -
✔✔Cataracts affect the lens and vision loss is reversible with surgery; macular
degeneration affects central vision and is not reversible.
✔✔What are the differences in onset between asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma
typically begins in childhood/adolescence, while COPD usually occurs in adults over 40.
✔✔How do symptoms differ between asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma symptoms are
episodic, whereas COPD symptoms are constant and progressive.
✔✔What is the first line treatment for asthma compared to COPD? - ✔✔Asthma is
treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), while COPD is managed with bronchodilators.
✔✔What associated conditions are linked to asthma and COPD? - ✔✔Asthma is
associated with eczema and allergies; COPD is associated with smoking.
✔✔How is asthma diagnosed? - ✔✔Through a history of variable symptoms (wheeze,
shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough) and spirometry showing significant
improvement after bronchodilator use.
✔✔How does the post-bronchodilation response in asthma differ from COPD? - ✔✔In
asthma, the post-bronchodilation response is usually marked, while COPD shows little
change.
✔✔What is the recommended medication for asthma symptoms less than 4-5 days a
week? - ✔✔Low-dose ICS-formoterol as-needed.
✔✔What treatment is suggested for asthma symptoms occurring most days or waking
with asthma once a week? - ✔✔Low-dose maintenance ICS-formoterol and low-dose
ICS-formoterol reliever.
