USABO Genetics EXAM Review
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS|| A+ GRADED||UPDATED
2025/2026 SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST
VERSION>>
Gene expression during trancription - ANSWER ✓ 1. Activator proteins bind to
distal control elements grouped as enchancers in DNA
2. DNA bending protein brings bound activators closert to promotoes and brings
general transciption factors
3. RNA polymerase binds to transciption complex on the promotoer.
alternative RNA splicing - ANSWER ✓ A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at
the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from
the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as
exons and which as introns.
mRNA degradation - ANSWER ✓ the lifespan of mRNA determines how much
protein it can produce
microRNAs - ANSWER ✓ can bind to complementary sequences on mRNA
molecules either degrading the target mRNA or blocking its translation
siRNAs - ANSWER ✓ small interfering RNAs, turn off gene expression by
directing degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact
chromatin structures
RNAi - ANSWER ✓ RNA interference; injecting double stranded RNA into a cell
turns off expression of a gene with the same sequence as the RNA
, IncRNA - ANSWER ✓ Long non coding RNA, gene silencing (Xist in x-
chromosome inactivation)
Differentiation - ANSWER ✓ process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
cytoplasmic determinants - ANSWER ✓ Maternal substances in egg that influence
the course of early development.
Induction - ANSWER ✓ singaling molciles from embryonic cells cause
tranciptional changes in nearbyt target cels
bicoid - ANSWER ✓ 'Two Tailed', a defect in an embryo that results in two
posterior structures (two tails, no head)
Ras G-protein - ANSWER ✓ most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in humans
dideoxy chain termination method - ANSWER ✓ a DNA sequencing method in
which target DNA is denatured and annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which
is then extended by DNA polymerase using a mixture of deoxynucleotide
triphosphates (normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide
triphosphates (ddNTPs)
cloning vector - ANSWER ✓ DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a
host cell and replicate there.
restriction enzymes - ANSWER ✓ Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence
of nucleotides
Taq polymerase - ANSWER ✓ A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the
high temperatures of PCR
expression vector - ANSWER ✓ A cloning vector that contains the requisite
prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene
can be inserted.
electroporation - ANSWER ✓ A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into
cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The
, pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA
can enter.
nucleic acid probe - ANSWER ✓ Radioactively labeled nucleic acid molecule
used to tag a particular DNA sequence.
DNA microarray assays - ANSWER ✓ compare patterns of gene expression in
different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions
RNA-seq - ANSWER ✓ Sequencing technique used to determine directly the
nucleotide sequence of a collection of RNAs.
in situ hybridization - ANSWER ✓ A technique using nucleic acid hybridization
with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact
organism.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing - ANSWER ✓ -target specific mutations by using
specialized crRNA/tracrRNA (gRNA)
-use plasmids to get these into the system
-allows for treatment of certain genetic disease
-allows targeting of DNA sequences
1. Cas9 protein and guide RNA are binded to form complex
2. complementary sequence of the guide rna binds to the part of the target gene and
the active sites of the Cas9 protein cuts the DNA on both strands
gene therapy - ANSWER ✓ The insertion of working copies of a gene into the
cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
Transgenic - ANSWER ✓ term used to refer to an organism that contains genes
from other organisms
Human Genome Project - ANSWER ✓ An international collaborative effort to
map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
Proteomics - ANSWER ✓ study of the structure and function of proteins in the
human body
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
SOLUTIONS||100% GUARANTEED
PASS|| A+ GRADED||UPDATED
2025/2026 SYLLABUS||<<NEWEST
VERSION>>
Gene expression during trancription - ANSWER ✓ 1. Activator proteins bind to
distal control elements grouped as enchancers in DNA
2. DNA bending protein brings bound activators closert to promotoes and brings
general transciption factors
3. RNA polymerase binds to transciption complex on the promotoer.
alternative RNA splicing - ANSWER ✓ A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at
the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from
the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as
exons and which as introns.
mRNA degradation - ANSWER ✓ the lifespan of mRNA determines how much
protein it can produce
microRNAs - ANSWER ✓ can bind to complementary sequences on mRNA
molecules either degrading the target mRNA or blocking its translation
siRNAs - ANSWER ✓ small interfering RNAs, turn off gene expression by
directing degradation of selective mRNAs and the establishment of compact
chromatin structures
RNAi - ANSWER ✓ RNA interference; injecting double stranded RNA into a cell
turns off expression of a gene with the same sequence as the RNA
, IncRNA - ANSWER ✓ Long non coding RNA, gene silencing (Xist in x-
chromosome inactivation)
Differentiation - ANSWER ✓ process in which cells become specialized in
structure and function
cytoplasmic determinants - ANSWER ✓ Maternal substances in egg that influence
the course of early development.
Induction - ANSWER ✓ singaling molciles from embryonic cells cause
tranciptional changes in nearbyt target cels
bicoid - ANSWER ✓ 'Two Tailed', a defect in an embryo that results in two
posterior structures (two tails, no head)
Ras G-protein - ANSWER ✓ most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in humans
dideoxy chain termination method - ANSWER ✓ a DNA sequencing method in
which target DNA is denatured and annealed to an oligonucleotide primer, which
is then extended by DNA polymerase using a mixture of deoxynucleotide
triphosphates (normal dNTPs) and chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide
triphosphates (ddNTPs)
cloning vector - ANSWER ✓ DNA molecules that can carry foreign DNA into a
host cell and replicate there.
restriction enzymes - ANSWER ✓ Enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence
of nucleotides
Taq polymerase - ANSWER ✓ A DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the
high temperatures of PCR
expression vector - ANSWER ✓ A cloning vector that contains the requisite
prokaryotic promoter just upstream of a restriction site where a eukaryotic gene
can be inserted.
electroporation - ANSWER ✓ A technique to introduce recombinant DNA into
cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The
, pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA
can enter.
nucleic acid probe - ANSWER ✓ Radioactively labeled nucleic acid molecule
used to tag a particular DNA sequence.
DNA microarray assays - ANSWER ✓ compare patterns of gene expression in
different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions
RNA-seq - ANSWER ✓ Sequencing technique used to determine directly the
nucleotide sequence of a collection of RNAs.
in situ hybridization - ANSWER ✓ A technique using nucleic acid hybridization
with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact
organism.
CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing - ANSWER ✓ -target specific mutations by using
specialized crRNA/tracrRNA (gRNA)
-use plasmids to get these into the system
-allows for treatment of certain genetic disease
-allows targeting of DNA sequences
1. Cas9 protein and guide RNA are binded to form complex
2. complementary sequence of the guide rna binds to the part of the target gene and
the active sites of the Cas9 protein cuts the DNA on both strands
gene therapy - ANSWER ✓ The insertion of working copies of a gene into the
cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder
Transgenic - ANSWER ✓ term used to refer to an organism that contains genes
from other organisms
Human Genome Project - ANSWER ✓ An international collaborative effort to
map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome.
Proteomics - ANSWER ✓ study of the structure and function of proteins in the
human body
