KNS 350 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1. The authors considered the level of trauma associated with hip fractures.
Which trauma level(s) were used to identify a hip fracture for this study?-
Answers - low trauma
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tra
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2. The primary measure of PA in this study was expressed in what format? (mark
all that apply)-
Answers - type of
PA minutes per bout
bouts per week
MET-hours per week
3. What table summarizes the overall risk reduction of hip fractures associated
with physical activity?- Answers - table 2
4. The authors concluded that as PA increases (MET hours/week) that the
risk for hip fracture decreases. They concluded that for every increase of 3
MET-hours/week that hip fracture risk would decline by how much?-
,Answers - 6%
5. BMI, independently from PA, is associated with the risk of a hip fracture.
T/F- Answers - true
6. Increasing BMI was associated with a decline in hip fracture risk. Which level
of BMI was found to have this protection?- Answers - 30+
7. A brisk/very brisk walking pace was found to reduced the risk for hip fractures
by how much?- Answers - 65%
8. Kyphosis- Answers - An abnormality that ettects the spine causing an exaggeration of the cervical/thoracic
curve. Often caused by poor posture, Osteoporosis, and compression fractures
9. The loss of endosteal bone at a faster rate than exosteal bone is deposited,
which results in osteopenia, a major risk factor for osteoporosis, and usually
begins around age 30 or 40.- Answers - bone involution
10. endosteum- Answers - thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity of a bone
11. bone cells that are outside the central medulllary cavity- Answers - exosteum
12. Found mainly in the shaft of long bones and accounts for about 80% of all
bone.- Answers - cortical bone
13. Spongy tissue, has a lattice or honeycomb design, and is found in the verte-
brae, pelvis, flat bones, and ends of long bones.- Answers - trabecular bone
,14. Osteoclasts
(Cells)- Answers - -Huge cells from fusion of up to 50 phagocytes
-Concentrated in endosteum
Ruffled border - deeply folded plasma membrane that releases enzymes and acids to digest bone matrix (resorption)-
Answers - involved in bone growth and repair
-Destroy and breakdown
-Multiple nuclei
15. A cell that can ingest and digest other cells. Neutrophils ingest mainly bacte-
ria. Macrophages and monocytes scavenge mainly degenerated cells and
dead tissue.- Answers - phagocytic cells
16. Any of a class of antibody proteins released by cells that mediate cellular
actions of other cells. Lymphokines and interleukins are specific types found in
the immune system.- Answers - cytokines
17. The most active phagocytic granulocyte. constitute about
80% of granulocytes and 50% to 65% of all leukocytes in the blood.- Answers -
neutrophil
18. One of a class of distinct lymphocytes that have innate immune properties
and are key cells in natural surveillance and destruction of viruses, tumor cells,
bacteria, protozoa, and other foreign microorganisms.- Answers - natural killer (NK)
cells
19. A localized response of increased blood flow, increased capillary
permeabil- ity, influx of neutrophils and macrophages, and secretion of cytokines.-
Answers - inflamma- tion
20. About 20 proteins that augment the action of phagocytic cells by opsoniza-
tion.- Answers - complementary system
21. A protein secreted by plasma cells of the immune system that
, protects against a specific antigen.- Answers - antibody
22. A white blood cell differentiated from stem cells in bone marrow and lym-
phoid tissue.- Answers - leukocyte
23. A cell, such as a macrophage or a dendritic cell, that engulfs antigens and
presents them to B or T lymphocytes in a recognizable form.- Answers - antigen-
presenting cell
24. Rebuild by forming new bone cells from collagen to make an osteoid matrix.-
- Answers - osteoblast
1. The authors considered the level of trauma associated with hip fractures.
Which trauma level(s) were used to identify a hip fracture for this study?-
Answers - low trauma
mo
der
ate
tra
um
a
hig
h
tra
u
m
a
2. The primary measure of PA in this study was expressed in what format? (mark
all that apply)-
Answers - type of
PA minutes per bout
bouts per week
MET-hours per week
3. What table summarizes the overall risk reduction of hip fractures associated
with physical activity?- Answers - table 2
4. The authors concluded that as PA increases (MET hours/week) that the
risk for hip fracture decreases. They concluded that for every increase of 3
MET-hours/week that hip fracture risk would decline by how much?-
,Answers - 6%
5. BMI, independently from PA, is associated with the risk of a hip fracture.
T/F- Answers - true
6. Increasing BMI was associated with a decline in hip fracture risk. Which level
of BMI was found to have this protection?- Answers - 30+
7. A brisk/very brisk walking pace was found to reduced the risk for hip fractures
by how much?- Answers - 65%
8. Kyphosis- Answers - An abnormality that ettects the spine causing an exaggeration of the cervical/thoracic
curve. Often caused by poor posture, Osteoporosis, and compression fractures
9. The loss of endosteal bone at a faster rate than exosteal bone is deposited,
which results in osteopenia, a major risk factor for osteoporosis, and usually
begins around age 30 or 40.- Answers - bone involution
10. endosteum- Answers - thin layer of cells lining the medullary cavity of a bone
11. bone cells that are outside the central medulllary cavity- Answers - exosteum
12. Found mainly in the shaft of long bones and accounts for about 80% of all
bone.- Answers - cortical bone
13. Spongy tissue, has a lattice or honeycomb design, and is found in the verte-
brae, pelvis, flat bones, and ends of long bones.- Answers - trabecular bone
,14. Osteoclasts
(Cells)- Answers - -Huge cells from fusion of up to 50 phagocytes
-Concentrated in endosteum
Ruffled border - deeply folded plasma membrane that releases enzymes and acids to digest bone matrix (resorption)-
Answers - involved in bone growth and repair
-Destroy and breakdown
-Multiple nuclei
15. A cell that can ingest and digest other cells. Neutrophils ingest mainly bacte-
ria. Macrophages and monocytes scavenge mainly degenerated cells and
dead tissue.- Answers - phagocytic cells
16. Any of a class of antibody proteins released by cells that mediate cellular
actions of other cells. Lymphokines and interleukins are specific types found in
the immune system.- Answers - cytokines
17. The most active phagocytic granulocyte. constitute about
80% of granulocytes and 50% to 65% of all leukocytes in the blood.- Answers -
neutrophil
18. One of a class of distinct lymphocytes that have innate immune properties
and are key cells in natural surveillance and destruction of viruses, tumor cells,
bacteria, protozoa, and other foreign microorganisms.- Answers - natural killer (NK)
cells
19. A localized response of increased blood flow, increased capillary
permeabil- ity, influx of neutrophils and macrophages, and secretion of cytokines.-
Answers - inflamma- tion
20. About 20 proteins that augment the action of phagocytic cells by opsoniza-
tion.- Answers - complementary system
21. A protein secreted by plasma cells of the immune system that
, protects against a specific antigen.- Answers - antibody
22. A white blood cell differentiated from stem cells in bone marrow and lym-
phoid tissue.- Answers - leukocyte
23. A cell, such as a macrophage or a dendritic cell, that engulfs antigens and
presents them to B or T lymphocytes in a recognizable form.- Answers - antigen-
presenting cell
24. Rebuild by forming new bone cells from collagen to make an osteoid matrix.-
- Answers - osteoblast
