BIOS 255 EXAM 3
Functions of the Respiratory System - answer-Gas exchange
-Communication
-Olfaction
-Acid-Base balance
-Blood pressure regulation
-Blood and lymph flow
-Platelet production
-Blood filtration
-Expulsion of abdominal contents
Describe high compliance as it relates to healthy functions. - answer-ease with which
the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded
High compliance= easy expansion
Low compliance= resisted expansion
Describe IRDS ( Infant respiratory distress syndrome) and describe the interventions
that would be used to help a newborn premature baby suffering from IRDS. - answer-
leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production
in alveoli
-treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own
Define antigens, epitopes and antibodies. - answerantigens: large molecule capable of
binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an immune response
epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses
antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful
effects
Identify the PO2 measurements at the end of a normal inhalation ( breathing through
the nose ) in each of the following:
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolus
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus - answerRespiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg
Alveolus: 104mm Hg
Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg
Trachea: 104mm Hg
Bronchus: 104mm Hg
, Describe the movement of O2 and CO2 in external and internal respirations and define -
answerinternal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue
cells; blood loses O2 and gains CO2
external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in
pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains
O2 and loses CO2.
Pulmonary Ventilation - answer-breathing
-Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air
between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
Cellular Respiration - answerProcess that releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Effects of Temperature and pH on Oxygen dissociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure
22.26(b)) - answer
Macrophages - answer-Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other
foreign matter
-Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting
immune system to the presence of the enemy
T lymphocytes - answerdirectly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the
immune system remembers the antigens of those invaders and prevents them from
causing disease in the future
Natural killer cells - answerlarge lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria,
transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous
B lymphocytes - answer-produce humoral immunity
-Activated B cells develop into plasma cells
-Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
-Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity
-directly attack pathogens
Eosinophils - answer-Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and
inflammatory chemicals
-Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites
Perforins - answer-kill cells in the same manner as NK cells
-Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane
Complement proteins - answerAid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
Defensins - answer-peptides in the skin that kill microbes
Functions of the Respiratory System - answer-Gas exchange
-Communication
-Olfaction
-Acid-Base balance
-Blood pressure regulation
-Blood and lymph flow
-Platelet production
-Blood filtration
-Expulsion of abdominal contents
Describe high compliance as it relates to healthy functions. - answer-ease with which
the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded
High compliance= easy expansion
Low compliance= resisted expansion
Describe IRDS ( Infant respiratory distress syndrome) and describe the interventions
that would be used to help a newborn premature baby suffering from IRDS. - answer-
leading cause of death in premature infants resulting from lack of surfactant production
in alveoli
-treated with artificial surfactant until they can make their own
Define antigens, epitopes and antibodies. - answerantigens: large molecule capable of
binding to an antibody or immune cells and triggering an immune response
epitopes: certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses
antibodies: reacts with an antigen and aids in protecting the body from its harmful
effects
Identify the PO2 measurements at the end of a normal inhalation ( breathing through
the nose ) in each of the following:
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolus
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchus - answerRespiratory bronchiole: 104mm Hg
Alveolus: 104mm Hg
Nasal cavity: atmospheric @ 159mm Hg
Trachea: 104mm Hg
Bronchus: 104mm Hg
, Describe the movement of O2 and CO2 in external and internal respirations and define -
answerinternal: exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue
cells; blood loses O2 and gains CO2
external: exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in
pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane; pulmonary capillary blood gains
O2 and loses CO2.
Pulmonary Ventilation - answer-breathing
-Inspiration (inhaling) & Expiration (exhaling) of air and involves the exchange of air
between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
Cellular Respiration - answerProcess that releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Effects of Temperature and pH on Oxygen dissociation curves (Figure 22.26 (a) Figure
22.26(b)) - answer
Macrophages - answer-Phagocytize tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria, and other
foreign matter
-Process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to certain T cells alerting
immune system to the presence of the enemy
T lymphocytes - answerdirectly attack and destroy diseased or foreign cells, and the
immune system remembers the antigens of those invaders and prevents them from
causing disease in the future
Natural killer cells - answerlarge lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria,
transplanted tissue, host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous
B lymphocytes - answer-produce humoral immunity
-Activated B cells develop into plasma cells
-Plasma cells secrete antibodies into the blood
-Circulating antibodies produce humoral immunity
-directly attack pathogens
Eosinophils - answer-Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and
inflammatory chemicals
-Release enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites
Perforins - answer-kill cells in the same manner as NK cells
-Polymerize a ring and create a hole in its plasma membrane
Complement proteins - answerAid in destruction of toxins and microorganisms
Defensins - answer-peptides in the skin that kill microbes
