BIOL252: Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab
2026 | Module 8 Exam Review | 70+ Questions &
Verified Answers | Portage Learning | Endocrine &
Cardiovascular Systems
Q001: A 35-year-old patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, and tremors.
Laboratory results show elevated free T4 and suppressed TSH. Which endocrine gland
is hypersecreting and what feedback mechanism is disrupted?
Options:
A. Anterior pituitary; positive feedback loop
B. Posterior pituitary; ADH feedback loop
C. Thyroid gland; negative feedback loop - CORRECT
D. Adrenal cortex; renin-angiotensin feedback loop
(Correct Answer: C)
Q002: During the cardiac cycle, which phase occurs immediately after the P wave on an
ECG and what mechanical event does it represent?
Options:
A. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction; QRS complex
B. Atrial repolarization; T wave
C. Atrial depolarization; atrial contraction - CORRECT
D. Ventricular repolarization; ST segment
(Correct Answer: C)
Q003: A patient with Addison's disease has low serum cortisol. Which hormone would
be expected to be elevated due to loss of negative feedback?
Options:
A. Insulin
B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. ACTH - CORRECT
(Correct Answer: D)
,Q004: In the systemic circulation, which blood vessel type has the highest total
cross-sectional area and why?
Options:
A. Aorta; it carries all cardiac output
B. Capillaries; they facilitate gas exchange - CORRECT
C. Venules; they collect blood from capillaries
D. Pulmonary arteries; they serve both lungs
(Correct Answer: B)
Q005: A 28-year-old female has hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea. Which structure
normally inhibits prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary?
Options:
A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
B. Dopamine from the hypothalamus - CORRECT
C. Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
D. Somatostatin from the pancreas
(Correct Answer: B)
Q006: A marathon runner's cardiac output increases from 5 L/min at rest to 25 L/min
during exercise. Which variable contributes most to this increase?
Options:
A. Increased heart rate only
B. Increased stroke volume only
C. Both increased heart rate and stroke volume - CORRECT
D. Increased systemic vascular resistance
(Correct Answer: C)
Q007: A patient with type 1 diabetes mistakenly injects too much insulin. Which
hormone counterregulatory response would be MOST important to raise blood glucose?
Options:
A. Cortisol
B. Epinephrine - CORRECT
C. Insulin-like growth factor
D. Calcitonin
(Correct Answer: B)
Q008: On an ECG tracing, the QRS complex represents which electrical and mechanical
events?
, Options:
A. Atrial depolarization and atrial contraction
B. AV node delay and isovolumetric contraction
C. Ventricular depolarization and onset of ventricular contraction - CORRECT
D. Ventricular repolarization and ventricular relaxation
(Correct Answer: C)
Q009: A patient has primary hyperparathyroidism. Which laboratory finding would be
expected?
Options:
A. Low serum calcium, low PTH
B. High serum calcium, high PTH - CORRECT
C. Low serum calcium, high PTH
D. High serum calcium, normal PTH
(Correct Answer: B)
Q010: The baroreceptor reflex responds to acute hypotension by increasing sympathetic
outflow. Which receptors detect this pressure change and where are they located?
Options:
A. Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
B. Mechanoreceptors in the right atrium and ventricle
C. Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus - CORRECT
D. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
(Correct Answer: C)
Q011: A patient with Cushing's syndrome has elevated midnight cortisol. Which
hypothalamic-pituitary axis is disrupted?
Options:
A. HPA axis with loss of diurnal rhythm - CORRECT
B. HPT axis with increased TRH
C. HPG axis with decreased GnRH
D. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
(Correct Answer: A)
Q012: During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, what happens to intraventricular
pressure and volume?
Options:
A. Pressure rises, volume rises
2026 | Module 8 Exam Review | 70+ Questions &
Verified Answers | Portage Learning | Endocrine &
Cardiovascular Systems
Q001: A 35-year-old patient presents with weight loss, heat intolerance, and tremors.
Laboratory results show elevated free T4 and suppressed TSH. Which endocrine gland
is hypersecreting and what feedback mechanism is disrupted?
Options:
A. Anterior pituitary; positive feedback loop
B. Posterior pituitary; ADH feedback loop
C. Thyroid gland; negative feedback loop - CORRECT
D. Adrenal cortex; renin-angiotensin feedback loop
(Correct Answer: C)
Q002: During the cardiac cycle, which phase occurs immediately after the P wave on an
ECG and what mechanical event does it represent?
Options:
A. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction; QRS complex
B. Atrial repolarization; T wave
C. Atrial depolarization; atrial contraction - CORRECT
D. Ventricular repolarization; ST segment
(Correct Answer: C)
Q003: A patient with Addison's disease has low serum cortisol. Which hormone would
be expected to be elevated due to loss of negative feedback?
Options:
A. Insulin
B. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
C. Parathyroid hormone
D. ACTH - CORRECT
(Correct Answer: D)
,Q004: In the systemic circulation, which blood vessel type has the highest total
cross-sectional area and why?
Options:
A. Aorta; it carries all cardiac output
B. Capillaries; they facilitate gas exchange - CORRECT
C. Venules; they collect blood from capillaries
D. Pulmonary arteries; they serve both lungs
(Correct Answer: B)
Q005: A 28-year-old female has hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea. Which structure
normally inhibits prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary?
Options:
A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
B. Dopamine from the hypothalamus - CORRECT
C. Oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
D. Somatostatin from the pancreas
(Correct Answer: B)
Q006: A marathon runner's cardiac output increases from 5 L/min at rest to 25 L/min
during exercise. Which variable contributes most to this increase?
Options:
A. Increased heart rate only
B. Increased stroke volume only
C. Both increased heart rate and stroke volume - CORRECT
D. Increased systemic vascular resistance
(Correct Answer: C)
Q007: A patient with type 1 diabetes mistakenly injects too much insulin. Which
hormone counterregulatory response would be MOST important to raise blood glucose?
Options:
A. Cortisol
B. Epinephrine - CORRECT
C. Insulin-like growth factor
D. Calcitonin
(Correct Answer: B)
Q008: On an ECG tracing, the QRS complex represents which electrical and mechanical
events?
, Options:
A. Atrial depolarization and atrial contraction
B. AV node delay and isovolumetric contraction
C. Ventricular depolarization and onset of ventricular contraction - CORRECT
D. Ventricular repolarization and ventricular relaxation
(Correct Answer: C)
Q009: A patient has primary hyperparathyroidism. Which laboratory finding would be
expected?
Options:
A. Low serum calcium, low PTH
B. High serum calcium, high PTH - CORRECT
C. Low serum calcium, high PTH
D. High serum calcium, normal PTH
(Correct Answer: B)
Q010: The baroreceptor reflex responds to acute hypotension by increasing sympathetic
outflow. Which receptors detect this pressure change and where are they located?
Options:
A. Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus
B. Mechanoreceptors in the right atrium and ventricle
C. Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus - CORRECT
D. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
(Correct Answer: C)
Q011: A patient with Cushing's syndrome has elevated midnight cortisol. Which
hypothalamic-pituitary axis is disrupted?
Options:
A. HPA axis with loss of diurnal rhythm - CORRECT
B. HPT axis with increased TRH
C. HPG axis with decreased GnRH
D. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis
(Correct Answer: A)
Q012: During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, what happens to intraventricular
pressure and volume?
Options:
A. Pressure rises, volume rises
