First Aid USMLE

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First Aid USMLE Step 2 CS: Challenging Questions And Answers 2023|2024 Latest Update A patient who needs emergent surgery says, "I can't afford the cost of staying in the hospital. I have no insurance. Just give me something to relieve the pain, and I will leave." Correct Answer: "I know that you are concerned about medical costs, but your life will be in danger if you don't have surgery. Let our social workers help you with the cost issues." "Should I tell my sexual partner abou...

Penicillin G (IV and IM) Penicillin M (oral) - Answer*MOA:* *β-lactam*: a structural analog of D-ala-D-ala (a normal component of cell walls) which binds and inactivates bacterial transpeptidases (penicillin-binding protein, PBPs) to block peptidoglycan cross linking *Clinical use:* Bactericidal for Gram-⊕ cocci/rods, Gram-⊖ cocci (Neisseria), and spirochetes Mostly used for Gram-⊕ organisms (S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, Actinomyces). Also used for Gram-⊖ cocci (mainly N. menin...

USMLE Step 2 Cs - Difficult Patients Questions and Answers 2023|2024 anxious patient Correct Answer: encourage patient to talk about his feelings ask about things causing anxiety give reasonable assurance "any pt in your situation may react this way, but i want you to know that I will do my best to address your concerns" angry patient Correct Answer: stay calm don't be scared ask about reason for the anger give reasonable answers "I can understand why anyone in your situation mig...

Vitamin A (retinol) - Function - AnswerAntioxidant; constituent of visual pigments (retinal); essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue (pancreatic cells, mucus-secreting cells); prevents squamous metaplasia. Used to treat measles and acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Vitamin A (retinol) - Deficiency - AnswerNight blindness (nyctalopia); dry, scaly skin (xerosis cutis); corneal degeneration (keratomalacia); Bitot spots on conjunctiva; immunosuppression...

First Aid USMLE Step 1: Pharmacology (Complete) best in 2022

Symptoms of ADHD should be present in patients before age - Answer12 ADHD. Most common pattern in girls? - AnswerInattention Hyperactivity mostly seen in boys. Inattention: Exhibits poor attention span in schoolwork/play; dysplays poor attention to detail or careless mistakes; has difficulty following instructions or finishing tasks; is forgetful and easily distracted. ADHD. Children must exhibit ADHD symptoms in - AnswerTwo or more settings (eg, home and school) Diagnosis of...

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency - AnswerAn immunodeficiency disorder and one type of SCIDs that is caused by an *inborn error in the metabolism of adenine*. The accumulation of adenine destroys both B and T lymphocytes. Increase in dATP is lymphotoxic Lesch-Nyhan syndrome - Answer*Defective purine salvage due to absent HGPRT*, which converts hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to GMP. Results in *excess uric acid production and de novo purine synthesis*. X-linked recessive Findings...

Chromatin structure - AnswerNegatively charged DNA loops twice around histone octamer (2 each of the positively charged H2A, H2B, H3, and H4) to form nucleosome bead. H1 ties nucleosomes together in a string. (Think of "beads on a string"; H1 is the only histone that is not in the nucleosome core.) In mitosis, DNA condenses to form mitotic chromosomes. <img src="66a - Euchramatin strxr.JPG" /> Heterochromatin - AnswerCondensed, transcriptionally inactive ("H eteroC hromatin = H igh...