University of Reading (UOR) • Biomedical Science

Summary of the 12 steps of glycolysis - investment & reward phases Products of glycolysis Control of glycolysis (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase & pyruvate kinase) allosteric & hormonal Difference between phosphofructokinase I & II and their regulation Glycolysis in relation to cancer Glycogen - structure, bonding etc. Glycogenolysis (2 stages) Glucose 6-phosphatase - and regulation of glycogenolysis (phosphorolysis) Regulation of glycogenolysis (In liver and muscle) Glycogen synthesis Regulati...

Covers the key (almost) irreversible enzymatic reactions in glycolysis and the 3 bypasses needed for gluconeogenesis to happen - includes detailed diagram with enzymes Also covers: - energy cost - regulation of gluconeogenesis (allosteric, reciprocal & hormonal regulation) - cori cycle - glucose-alanine cycle - krebs cycle - glucose 6-phosphatase deficiency

Summary of the pentose phosphate pathway and it's link to glycolysis Includes: Uses of Ribose 5-phosphate Oxidative & non-oxidative stage (including key enzymes) Regulation of the pathway

Detailed summary of the integumentary system (skin, glands, hair etc.) - Layers of the skin and their functions - Cells making up the skin - including keratinocytes and skin formation - Microbes of the skin - Neurones in the skin - Formation & colouration of hair - Anatomy of nails - Different types of sweat glands and their function - Skin stem cells - Wound healing - Sunburn

Covers: Respiratory centre - pons & medulla (neurons) Dorsal, ventral, apneustic & pneumotaxic centres Respiratory rhythm Regulation - voluntary & automatic Chemoreceptors (central & peripheral) Mechanoreceptors

Covers: Asthma Emphysema Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Pulmonary fibrosis Sleep apnoea (central & obstructive) Effects of exercise on the respiratory system Effects of altitude & chronic altitude on the respiratory system The diving response Also includes a small glossary with definitions of key respiratory measurements & volumes

A concise & in-depth summary of the transport of gases in respiration Covers: - Methods of O2 transport - Haemoglobin (structure, binding) - Cooperative binding & factors that increase/decrease affinity to O2 (O2 dissociation & Bohr shift explained) - Anaemia - CO2 transport (carbonic anhydrase reaction & chloride shift) - CO2 & O2 exchange (uncoupling & bicarbonate reaction)

A concise in-depth summary of the mechanics of breathing (inspiration & expiration) Covers: - Partial pressure laws - Ventilation & the 3 factors affecting it (pressures, compliance, resistance) - Pressure definitions (intrapulmonary, transpulmonary etc.) - Muscles involved in inspiration, expiration & active expiration - Lung volume definitions - Pulmonary function studies & calculations - Efficacy & work of breathing - calculations & examples in disease

A comprehensive summary of the 5 steps of Haemostasis 1. Vessel spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation 4. Clot retraction 5. Fibrinolysis Detail on all 5 steps, but particularly in depth for steps 2,3 and 5

A flowchart summarising the breakdown of macronutrients to produce ATP (proteins, carbohydrates & fatty acids)