psychology

The Trial and Error Theory, proposed by Edward Thorndike, explains learning as a process of repeated attempts to solve a problem until success is achieved. This theory is based on Thorndike’s famous experiment with cats placed in a puzzle box, where they had to figure out how to escape by pressing a lever. Initially, the cats exhibited random behaviors, but over time, they learned to press the lever more quickly. Thorndike formulated the Law of Effect, which states that behaviors followed by p...

Cognitive theories focus on how people process, store, and use information, emphasizing mental functions like memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. One of the most influential cognitive theories is Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, which outlines how children progress through four stages of thinking: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory highlights the role of social interactions and cultural conte...

Classical conditioning is a learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov, in which an organism learns to associate two stimuli to produce a conditioned response. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell before feeding dogs; over time, the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the bell alone, even when no food was present. This occurs through three stages: before conditioning, where an unconditioned stimulus (food) naturally triggers an unconditioned response (salivation); during cond...

Psychology theories help explain human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors by providing structured frameworks for understanding the mind. Some major theories include psychoanalysis, developed by Sigmund Freud, which emphasizes unconscious drives and childhood experiences; behaviorism, pioneered by B.F. Skinner and John Watson, which focuses on observable behaviors and reinforcement; cognitive psychology, which examines mental processes like memory and problem-solving; and humanistic psychology, ch...

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