ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY FINAL
EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
FederalA2Food,A2Drug,A2andA2CosmeticA2ActA2(FFDCA)A2-A2Ans--1938,A2FDA
establishedA2limitsA2forA2foodA2additives,A2cosmeticA2components,A2drugs,A2medicalA2devi
ces,A2etc.
canA2requireA2toxicityA2testingA2fromA2manufacturer
usedA2toA2notA2allowA2anyA2carcinogens,A2butA2nowA2takeA2aA2risk-
benefitA2basedA2approach
doesA2notA2coverA2pesticideA2residueA2inA2food

NationalA2EnvironmentalA2PolicyA2ActA2(NEPA)A2-A2Ans--
1970,A2allA2U.S.A2governmentA2agencies
requiresA2allA2agenciesA2toA2provideA2environmentalA2impactA2statementsA2forA2allA2action
s
mustA2includeA2assessmentA2ofA2alternatives
includesA2relationshipsA2betweenA2shortA2termA2useA2andA2longA2termA2productivityA2asA2
wellA2asA2irreversibleA2commitmentA2ofA2resources
createdA2theA2CouncilA2onA2EnvironmentalA2QualityA2whichA2advisesA2theA2presidentA2ofA2
mattersA2impactingA2environmentalA2quality

FederalA2HazardousA2SubstanceA2ActA2(FHSA)A2-A2Ans--
1960,A2ConsumerA2ProductA2SafetyA2Commission
requiresA2adequateA2labeling,A2storageA2suggestions,A2andA2medicalA2aidA2stepsA2inA2theA
2eventA2ofA2exposureA2toA2toxicA2householdA2products
allowsA2forA2banningA2ofA2veryA2toxicA2productsA2whereA2labelsA2mayA2notA2beA2effectiveA2
enoughA2toA2preventA2aA2potentiallyA2deadlyA2exposure

OccupationalA2SafetyA2andA2HealthA2ActA2-A2Ans--
1970,A2OccupationalA2SafetyA2andA2HealthA2AdministrationA2(OSHA)
setsA2standardsA2forA2workerA2exposureA2toA2specificA2chemicals
alsoA2coversA2excessiveA2noiseA2levels,A2mechanicalA2hazards,A2temperatureA2stress,A2a
ndA2unsanitaryA2conditions
requiresA2trainingA2andA2educationA2ofA2workersA2toA2helpA2understandA2exposureA2risks

CleanA2AirA2ActA2-A2Ans--1963,A2EPA
allowsA2forA2regulationA2ofA2airA2pollutantsA2fromA2stationaryA2andA2mobileA2sources
statesA2areA2primarilyA2responsibleA2forA2enforcingA2regulations,A2butA2overseenA2byA2EP
A
responsibleA2forA2banningA2leadA2inA2gasoline,A2inclusionA2ofA2scrubbersA2onA2industrialA2
outputs,A2andA2catalyticA2convertersA2onA2vehicles

, CleanA2WaterA2ActA2-A2Ans--1977,A2EPA
technicallyA2anA2amendmentA2ofA2theA2previousA2FederalA2WaterA2PollutionA2ControlA2Act
,A2gaveA2EPAA2moreA2authorityA2toA2regulateA2waterA2pollution
goalA2ofA2ensuringA2allA2U.S.A2waterA2areA2swimmableA2andA2fishable
establishedA2NationalA2PollutantA2DischargeA2EliminationA2SystemA2(NPDES)A2whichA2re
quiresA2permittingA2forA2pointA2sourcesA2andA2frequentA2testingA2ofA2output
alsoA2establishesA2waterA2qualityA2criteriaA2forA2statesA2andA2tribalA2lands
doesA2notA2directlyA2addressA2groundA2waterA2contamination

SafeA2DrinkingA2WaterA2ActA2-A2Ans--1974,A2EPA
specificallyA2appliesA2toA2drinkingA2waterA2sources
establishesA2safeA2drinkingA2waterA2levelsA2ofA2chemicalsA2(MCLGA2andA2MCL)
doesA2notA2coverA2bottledA2waterA2(FDAA2regulatesA2this)

MaximumA2contaminantA2levelA2goalA2(MCLG)A2-A2Ans--
levelA2atA2whichA2noA2knownA2orA2anticipatedA2impactsA2onA2healthA2(NOAEL),A2ensuresA2
aA2marginA2ofA2safety

maximumA2contaminantA2levelA2(MCL)A2-A2Ans--
ifA2levelsA2aboveA2this,A2theyA2needA2toA2beA2addressed

ToxicA2SubstanceA2ControlA2ActA2-A2Ans--1976,A2EPA
allowsA2EPAA2toA2regulateA2theA2manufacture,A2processing,A2distribution,A2andA2disposalA
2ofA2chemicalsA2(butA2notA2pesticides)
manufacturersA2requiredA2toA2informA2EPAA2ofA2theA2manufactureA2orA2useA2ofA2newA2che
micalsA2andA2theirA2propertiesA2(calledA2pre-manufactureA2notice)
doesA2notA2requireA2riskA2assessmentA2fromA2manufacturerA2orA2EPA
EPAA2canA2onlyA2requireA2testingA2if...A2chemicalA2presentsA2unreasonableA2riskA2ofA2injur
yA2toA2healthA2orA2theA2environment,A2chemicalA2willA2beA2producedA2inA2significantA2quan
tities,A2thereA2willA2beA2substantialA2exposureA2toA2humanA2orA2theA2environment

ProblemsA2withA2TSCAA2-A2Ans--
manyA2chemicalsA2grandfatheredA2inA2whenA2actA2wasA2passed
sufficientA2dataA2fromA2chemicalA2usersA2notA2initiallyA2requiredA2soA2assessmentsA2areA2
notA2undertakenA2untilA2damageA2isA2alreadyA2done
cost-benefitA2analysisA2isA2usedA2whenA2makingA2decisionsA2onA2regulatingA2chemicals-
highlyA2subjective,A2openA2toA2interpretation
regulationA2mustA2alsoA2beA2leastA2burdensomeA2alternative
becauseA2burdenA2ofA2proofA2ofA2hazardA2isA2responsibilityA2ofA2EPAA2(whoA2mustA2useA2t
axpayerA2moneyA2toA2proveA2thingsA2areA2hazardous),A2littleA2toA2noA2regulationA2hasA2oc
curredA2(onlyA2PCBsA2haveA2beenA2fullyA2banned)

FrankA2R.A2LautenberfA2ChemicalA2SafetyA2forA2theA221stA2CenturyA2ActA2-A2Ans--
2016,A2EPA,A2updatesA2toA2TSCA
requiresA2EPAA2toA2evaluateA2newA2andA2existingA2chemicalsA2againstA2aA2newA2risk-
basedA2safetyA2standardA2thatA2includesA2mostA2vulnerableA2populations