HISTOLOGIE SEMESTER 2
INHOUD
1. de cel ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 cytoplasma ............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1 matrix ....................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 nucleus of celkern ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 kernmembraan ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.2 chromatine ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 kernskelet ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.4 nucleolus of kernlichaampje ................................................................................................... 7
1.3 celpathologie ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 necrosis .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 celdegeneraties ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. het epitheel ............................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 intercellulaire verbindingen ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 afsluitende verbindingen .............................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 hechtingsstructuren ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 communicatieverbindingen ........................................................................................................ 13
2.2.4 verbindingscomplex .................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 specialisatie van het celoppervlak ..................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 microvilli ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 stereocilia ..................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 cilia of trilharen ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.4 flagellen of zweepharen .............................................................................................................. 15
2.4 classificatie van epitheelcellen .......................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 bedekkend epitheel ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 klierepitheel ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5 pathologie van het epitheel ................................................................................................................20
2.5.1 veroudering van de huid ..............................................................................................................20
3. steunweefsel of bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................20
3.1 inleiding ..............................................................................................................................................20
3.1.1 algemene functie ..........................................................................................................................20
3.1.2 algemene bouw ............................................................................................................................20
3.1.3 oorsprong ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 de cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 21
1
, 3.2.1 fibroblasten-fibrocyten ................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2 macrofagen .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3 regeneratiecellen ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.4 mastcellen .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.5 plasmacellen ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.6 vetcellen ....................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.7 leucocyten .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 vezels of fibrillen ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.1 collageenvezels ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.2 elastinevezels ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 intercellulaire grondstof .................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.1 proteoglycanen ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.4.2 glycoproteïnen ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.5 soorten bindweefsel ........................................................................................................................... 23
3.5.1 los collageen bindweefsel ............................................................................................................ 23
3.5.2 stevig collageen bindweefsel ....................................................................................................... 24
3.5.3 elastine bindweefsel .................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.4 reticulair bindweefsel .................................................................................................................. 24
3.5.5 muceus bindweefsel .................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.6 vetweefsel ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4. kraakbeen ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 vorming ............................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 soorten ................................................................................................................................................ 26
4.3.1 hyalien kraakbeen ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.3.2 fibro-cartilago (vezelig kraakbeen) ............................................................................................ 27
4.3.3 elastisch kraakbeen ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.4 pathologie van het kraakbeen............................................................................................................28
4.4.1 ischias ...........................................................................................................................................28
4.4.2 osteo-arthrose .............................................................................................................................28
4.4.3 reumatoïde artritis ...................................................................................................................... 29
5. botweefsel ................................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 functies ................................................................................................................................................ 29
5.3 bouw .................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 cellen ............................................................................................................................................. 29
5.3.2 matrix ...........................................................................................................................................30
5.3.3 periost ..........................................................................................................................................30
2
, 5.3.4 endosteum ...................................................................................................................................30
5.4 beenvorming ....................................................................................................................................... 31
5.4.1 intermembraneuze ossificatie (endesmale botvorming) ........................................................... 31
5.4.2 en(do)chondrale beenvorming ................................................................................................... 31
5.5 soorten botweefsel .............................................................................................................................. 32
5.5.1 plexiform bot ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.5.2 lamellair bot ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.5.3 spongieus bot ............................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.4 compact bot ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.6 pathologie van het bot ........................................................................................................................ 33
5.6.1 osteomalacie ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.6.2 osteoporose (strictu sensu) en ouderdomsosteoporose ............................................................ 34
5.6.3 rachitis ......................................................................................................................................... 35
6. spierweefsel .............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.2 skeletspierweefsel .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 36
6.2.2 soorten spiervezels ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.3 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 37
6.3 harspierweefsel...................................................................................................................................38
6.3.1 algemeen ......................................................................................................................................38
6.3.2 bouw .............................................................................................................................................38
6.3.3 functie ..........................................................................................................................................38
6.4 glad spierweefsel ................................................................................................................................ 39
6.4.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 39
6.4.2 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 39
6.5 pathologie van skeletspierweefsel .....................................................................................................40
6.5.1 spierdystrofie van duchenne .......................................................................................................40
6.5.2 myasthenia gravis ........................................................................................................................40
7. gastro-intestinaal stelsel .......................................................................................................................... 41
7.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 41
7.2 mondholte ........................................................................................................................................... 41
7.3 de tong................................................................................................................................................. 41
7.3.1 algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 41
7.3.2 mucosa ......................................................................................................................................... 41
7.4 pharynx of keelholte ........................................................................................................................... 42
7.4.1 functies ......................................................................................................................................... 42
7.4.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 42
3
, 7.5 slokdarm ............................................................................................................................................. 43
7.5.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 43
7.6 maag .................................................................................................................................................... 43
7.6.1 anatomische indeling ................................................................................................................... 44
7.6.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 44
7.7 dunne darm ......................................................................................................................................... 45
7.7.1 functie ........................................................................................................................................... 45
7.7.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 45
7.8 dikke darm .......................................................................................................................................... 46
7.8.1 functie ........................................................................................................................................... 46
7.8.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 47
7.9 pathologie van gastro-intestinaal stelsel ...........................................................................................48
7.9.1 gastritis .........................................................................................................................................48
8. pancreas.................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 49
8.2 bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.2.1 exocriene componenten .............................................................................................................. 49
8.2.2 endocriene componenten ........................................................................................................... 49
9. lever .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
9.1 functies ................................................................................................................................................ 50
9.2 algemene bouw ................................................................................................................................... 50
9. leverpathologie ..................................................................................................................................... 51
9.3.1 levercirrose ................................................................................................................................... 51
10. vrouwelijke geslachtsorganen ............................................................................................................... 51
10.1 inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 51
10.2 ovarium ............................................................................................................................................. 52
10.2.1 rijpe follikel ................................................................................................................................ 52
10.2.2 ovulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 52
10.2.3 luteïnisatie ................................................................................................................................. 52
10.3 baarmoeder (= uterus) ..................................................................................................................... 53
10.4 vagina ................................................................................................................................................ 54
11. zenuwweefsel........................................................................................................................................... 54
11.1 zenuwcellen ........................................................................................................................................ 54
11.1.1 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 54
11.1.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................ 54
11.1.3 werkingsmechanisme ................................................................................................................. 55
11.2 myeline .............................................................................................................................................. 56
12. luchtwegen .............................................................................................................................................. 57
4
INHOUD
1. de cel ............................................................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 cytoplasma ............................................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.1 matrix ....................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 nucleus of celkern ............................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 kernmembraan ........................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.2 chromatine ............................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 kernskelet ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.4 nucleolus of kernlichaampje ................................................................................................... 7
1.3 celpathologie ..................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.1 necrosis .................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3.2 celdegeneraties ........................................................................................................................ 9
2. het epitheel ............................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1 inleiding .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2 intercellulaire verbindingen ............................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 afsluitende verbindingen .............................................................................................................. 11
2.2.2 hechtingsstructuren ..................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 communicatieverbindingen ........................................................................................................ 13
2.2.4 verbindingscomplex .................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 specialisatie van het celoppervlak ..................................................................................................... 14
2.3.1 microvilli ...................................................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 stereocilia ..................................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.3 cilia of trilharen ........................................................................................................................... 15
2.3.4 flagellen of zweepharen .............................................................................................................. 15
2.4 classificatie van epitheelcellen .......................................................................................................... 15
2.4.1 bedekkend epitheel ...................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.2 klierepitheel ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5 pathologie van het epitheel ................................................................................................................20
2.5.1 veroudering van de huid ..............................................................................................................20
3. steunweefsel of bindweefsel ....................................................................................................................20
3.1 inleiding ..............................................................................................................................................20
3.1.1 algemene functie ..........................................................................................................................20
3.1.2 algemene bouw ............................................................................................................................20
3.1.3 oorsprong ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 de cellen .............................................................................................................................................. 21
1
, 3.2.1 fibroblasten-fibrocyten ................................................................................................................ 21
3.2.2 macrofagen .................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.3 regeneratiecellen ......................................................................................................................... 21
3.2.4 mastcellen .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.5 plasmacellen ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.2.6 vetcellen ....................................................................................................................................... 22
3.2.7 leucocyten .................................................................................................................................... 22
3.3 vezels of fibrillen ................................................................................................................................ 22
3.3.1 collageenvezels ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.3.2 elastinevezels ............................................................................................................................... 23
3.4 intercellulaire grondstof .................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.1 proteoglycanen ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.4.2 glycoproteïnen ............................................................................................................................. 23
3.5 soorten bindweefsel ........................................................................................................................... 23
3.5.1 los collageen bindweefsel ............................................................................................................ 23
3.5.2 stevig collageen bindweefsel ....................................................................................................... 24
3.5.3 elastine bindweefsel .................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.4 reticulair bindweefsel .................................................................................................................. 24
3.5.5 muceus bindweefsel .................................................................................................................... 24
3.5.6 vetweefsel ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4. kraakbeen ................................................................................................................................................. 25
4.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 vorming ............................................................................................................................................... 26
4.3 soorten ................................................................................................................................................ 26
4.3.1 hyalien kraakbeen ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.3.2 fibro-cartilago (vezelig kraakbeen) ............................................................................................ 27
4.3.3 elastisch kraakbeen ..................................................................................................................... 27
4.4 pathologie van het kraakbeen............................................................................................................28
4.4.1 ischias ...........................................................................................................................................28
4.4.2 osteo-arthrose .............................................................................................................................28
4.4.3 reumatoïde artritis ...................................................................................................................... 29
5. botweefsel ................................................................................................................................................. 29
5.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 29
5.2 functies ................................................................................................................................................ 29
5.3 bouw .................................................................................................................................................... 29
5.3.1 cellen ............................................................................................................................................. 29
5.3.2 matrix ...........................................................................................................................................30
5.3.3 periost ..........................................................................................................................................30
2
, 5.3.4 endosteum ...................................................................................................................................30
5.4 beenvorming ....................................................................................................................................... 31
5.4.1 intermembraneuze ossificatie (endesmale botvorming) ........................................................... 31
5.4.2 en(do)chondrale beenvorming ................................................................................................... 31
5.5 soorten botweefsel .............................................................................................................................. 32
5.5.1 plexiform bot ................................................................................................................................ 32
5.5.2 lamellair bot ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.5.3 spongieus bot ............................................................................................................................... 33
5.5.4 compact bot ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.6 pathologie van het bot ........................................................................................................................ 33
5.6.1 osteomalacie ................................................................................................................................. 33
5.6.2 osteoporose (strictu sensu) en ouderdomsosteoporose ............................................................ 34
5.6.3 rachitis ......................................................................................................................................... 35
6. spierweefsel .............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 35
6.2 skeletspierweefsel .............................................................................................................................. 36
6.2.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 36
6.2.2 soorten spiervezels ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.2.3 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 37
6.3 harspierweefsel...................................................................................................................................38
6.3.1 algemeen ......................................................................................................................................38
6.3.2 bouw .............................................................................................................................................38
6.3.3 functie ..........................................................................................................................................38
6.4 glad spierweefsel ................................................................................................................................ 39
6.4.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 39
6.4.2 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 39
6.5 pathologie van skeletspierweefsel .....................................................................................................40
6.5.1 spierdystrofie van duchenne .......................................................................................................40
6.5.2 myasthenia gravis ........................................................................................................................40
7. gastro-intestinaal stelsel .......................................................................................................................... 41
7.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 41
7.2 mondholte ........................................................................................................................................... 41
7.3 de tong................................................................................................................................................. 41
7.3.1 algemeen....................................................................................................................................... 41
7.3.2 mucosa ......................................................................................................................................... 41
7.4 pharynx of keelholte ........................................................................................................................... 42
7.4.1 functies ......................................................................................................................................... 42
7.4.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 42
3
, 7.5 slokdarm ............................................................................................................................................. 43
7.5.1 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 43
7.6 maag .................................................................................................................................................... 43
7.6.1 anatomische indeling ................................................................................................................... 44
7.6.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 44
7.7 dunne darm ......................................................................................................................................... 45
7.7.1 functie ........................................................................................................................................... 45
7.7.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 45
7.8 dikke darm .......................................................................................................................................... 46
7.8.1 functie ........................................................................................................................................... 46
7.8.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................. 47
7.9 pathologie van gastro-intestinaal stelsel ...........................................................................................48
7.9.1 gastritis .........................................................................................................................................48
8. pancreas.................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.1 algemeen ............................................................................................................................................. 49
8.2 bouw ................................................................................................................................................... 49
8.2.1 exocriene componenten .............................................................................................................. 49
8.2.2 endocriene componenten ........................................................................................................... 49
9. lever .......................................................................................................................................................... 50
9.1 functies ................................................................................................................................................ 50
9.2 algemene bouw ................................................................................................................................... 50
9. leverpathologie ..................................................................................................................................... 51
9.3.1 levercirrose ................................................................................................................................... 51
10. vrouwelijke geslachtsorganen ............................................................................................................... 51
10.1 inleiding ............................................................................................................................................. 51
10.2 ovarium ............................................................................................................................................. 52
10.2.1 rijpe follikel ................................................................................................................................ 52
10.2.2 ovulatie ....................................................................................................................................... 52
10.2.3 luteïnisatie ................................................................................................................................. 52
10.3 baarmoeder (= uterus) ..................................................................................................................... 53
10.4 vagina ................................................................................................................................................ 54
11. zenuwweefsel........................................................................................................................................... 54
11.1 zenuwcellen ........................................................................................................................................ 54
11.1.1 functie .......................................................................................................................................... 54
11.1.2 bouw ............................................................................................................................................ 54
11.1.3 werkingsmechanisme ................................................................................................................. 55
11.2 myeline .............................................................................................................................................. 56
12. luchtwegen .............................................................................................................................................. 57
4
