HMB472 Part 2 New Questions With Complete Solutions
1. How soon after endurance training will there be a substantial
increase in blood volume?
2. How much volume is this? Correct Answers 1. Within a few
days after endurance training, you can expect to have increased
blood volume
2. 400mL
1. Myostatin is a member of the _____ superfamily
2. What kind of regulator is myostatin?
3. How does it mediate its regulatory role?
4. More myostatin = (more/less) muscle mass
5. What would a loss of function mutation in myostatin cause?
6. What is a belgian blue bull? Correct Answers 1. Myostatin is
a member of the TGFβ superfamily
2. It is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth
3. It mediates is negative regulation by inhibiting satellite cell
differentiation
4. More myostatin = less muscle
5. Loss of function mutation = more muscle
6. Belgian blue bull is a cow breed that has huge amount of
muscle because it has a mutation in myostatin
1. What are alums and what foods are they found in?
2. Give an example--> curcumin?
3. What do they do? Correct Answers 1. Alums are
antiinflammatory agents, found in onion-type vegetables and
spices
2. Example is tumeric --> has the compound curcumin
3. Alums like curcumin activate HSPs
,1. What are two pathways that TNF-alpha activates?
2. What does TNF-alpha do in muscle cells? Correct Answers
1. -Activates NFkB pathway leading to the secretion of
cytokines --> increased inflammation
-Activates caspase pathway --> causes cell death
2. In muscles, TNF-alpha activates muscle ring finger nuclease
--> leading to muscle atrophy
1. What are two reasons that CO is so harmful?
2. At what saturation of hemoglobin do negative physiological
effects start to occur? Correct Answers CO is harmful because
a) it is oudourless/colorless
b) you do not realize that it is affecting you
Negative physiological effect occur when saturation is 2-5%
1. What does SOD do?
2. Within the cell where are two places you find different forms
of SOD?
3. How do these two forms differ?
4. If there was no SOD, __% of O₂ consumed would result in
Superoxide anion production
5. How does MnSOD increase with exercise training? Correct
Answers 1. Superoxide dismutase adds an electron to
superoxide anion (O₂⁻) to make H₂O
2. Within the cell, you find SOD in the mitochondria and in the
cytosol
,3. The mitochondrial SOD requires manganese cofactor
(MnSOD). The cytosolic SOD required zinc and copper (CuZn-
SOD)
4. If no SOD, 17% of O₂ consumed would result in superoxide
anion production
5. MnSOD (mitchondrial SOD) increases with exercise training
1. WHat is GSK-3β?
2. What is its relationship with HSPs?
3. What ACTIVATES GSK-3B?
4. How does diabetes affect GSK-3B? Correct Answers 1.
GSK-3B is a kinase that regulates gene transcription
2. GSK-3B when active, phosphorylates HSF-leading to its
inactivation--> prevents transcription of HSPs
3. Inactivity (lack of physical activity) ACTIVATES GSK-3B
4. Diabetes activates GSK-3B
1. What is plyometric training?
2. Plyometric training is ballistic resistance training that allows
for...?
3. Why is plyometric training benefitial for sports performance
over conventional weight lifting?
4. Give an example of plyometric training Correct Answers 1. It
is explosive movements that mobilize the stretch-recoil
properties of the muscle
2. Plyometric training is ballistic resistance training that allow
athletes to develop greater power at the end of the movement
3. Better for sports performance because it more closely
simulates real sport movements
, 4. Example: box jumps
1. What produces carbonmonoxide (in our society)?
2. How does CO concentration change over the course of the
day?
3. How does it change over the course of a year? Correct
Answers CO comes from the incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbons (so 80% comes from cars)
CO is highest in morning and evening because poeple are using
their cars the most to commute
CO is higher in the winter because the skin is cloudy and this
traps in the CO
1. What produces sulphur dioxides
2. What are the effects of sulphur dioxides? (2) Correct Answers
1. Produced from burnign of fossil fuels
2. Upper respiratory tract irritant and bronchoconstriction
leading to increased airway resistance
1. Which free radical is produced by exercise?
2. Why is this chemicla harmful? Correct Answers Superoxide
anion --> O₂⁻
Harmful because it can extract electrons from nearby
compounds creating a free radical chain reaction
A ___% loss in bodyweight in the form of sweating results in a
major loss of performance Correct Answers A 2% loss in
1. How soon after endurance training will there be a substantial
increase in blood volume?
2. How much volume is this? Correct Answers 1. Within a few
days after endurance training, you can expect to have increased
blood volume
2. 400mL
1. Myostatin is a member of the _____ superfamily
2. What kind of regulator is myostatin?
3. How does it mediate its regulatory role?
4. More myostatin = (more/less) muscle mass
5. What would a loss of function mutation in myostatin cause?
6. What is a belgian blue bull? Correct Answers 1. Myostatin is
a member of the TGFβ superfamily
2. It is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth
3. It mediates is negative regulation by inhibiting satellite cell
differentiation
4. More myostatin = less muscle
5. Loss of function mutation = more muscle
6. Belgian blue bull is a cow breed that has huge amount of
muscle because it has a mutation in myostatin
1. What are alums and what foods are they found in?
2. Give an example--> curcumin?
3. What do they do? Correct Answers 1. Alums are
antiinflammatory agents, found in onion-type vegetables and
spices
2. Example is tumeric --> has the compound curcumin
3. Alums like curcumin activate HSPs
,1. What are two pathways that TNF-alpha activates?
2. What does TNF-alpha do in muscle cells? Correct Answers
1. -Activates NFkB pathway leading to the secretion of
cytokines --> increased inflammation
-Activates caspase pathway --> causes cell death
2. In muscles, TNF-alpha activates muscle ring finger nuclease
--> leading to muscle atrophy
1. What are two reasons that CO is so harmful?
2. At what saturation of hemoglobin do negative physiological
effects start to occur? Correct Answers CO is harmful because
a) it is oudourless/colorless
b) you do not realize that it is affecting you
Negative physiological effect occur when saturation is 2-5%
1. What does SOD do?
2. Within the cell where are two places you find different forms
of SOD?
3. How do these two forms differ?
4. If there was no SOD, __% of O₂ consumed would result in
Superoxide anion production
5. How does MnSOD increase with exercise training? Correct
Answers 1. Superoxide dismutase adds an electron to
superoxide anion (O₂⁻) to make H₂O
2. Within the cell, you find SOD in the mitochondria and in the
cytosol
,3. The mitochondrial SOD requires manganese cofactor
(MnSOD). The cytosolic SOD required zinc and copper (CuZn-
SOD)
4. If no SOD, 17% of O₂ consumed would result in superoxide
anion production
5. MnSOD (mitchondrial SOD) increases with exercise training
1. WHat is GSK-3β?
2. What is its relationship with HSPs?
3. What ACTIVATES GSK-3B?
4. How does diabetes affect GSK-3B? Correct Answers 1.
GSK-3B is a kinase that regulates gene transcription
2. GSK-3B when active, phosphorylates HSF-leading to its
inactivation--> prevents transcription of HSPs
3. Inactivity (lack of physical activity) ACTIVATES GSK-3B
4. Diabetes activates GSK-3B
1. What is plyometric training?
2. Plyometric training is ballistic resistance training that allows
for...?
3. Why is plyometric training benefitial for sports performance
over conventional weight lifting?
4. Give an example of plyometric training Correct Answers 1. It
is explosive movements that mobilize the stretch-recoil
properties of the muscle
2. Plyometric training is ballistic resistance training that allow
athletes to develop greater power at the end of the movement
3. Better for sports performance because it more closely
simulates real sport movements
, 4. Example: box jumps
1. What produces carbonmonoxide (in our society)?
2. How does CO concentration change over the course of the
day?
3. How does it change over the course of a year? Correct
Answers CO comes from the incomplete combustion of
hydrocarbons (so 80% comes from cars)
CO is highest in morning and evening because poeple are using
their cars the most to commute
CO is higher in the winter because the skin is cloudy and this
traps in the CO
1. What produces sulphur dioxides
2. What are the effects of sulphur dioxides? (2) Correct Answers
1. Produced from burnign of fossil fuels
2. Upper respiratory tract irritant and bronchoconstriction
leading to increased airway resistance
1. Which free radical is produced by exercise?
2. Why is this chemicla harmful? Correct Answers Superoxide
anion --> O₂⁻
Harmful because it can extract electrons from nearby
compounds creating a free radical chain reaction
A ___% loss in bodyweight in the form of sweating results in a
major loss of performance Correct Answers A 2% loss in
