hmb472 midterm questions with complete solutions
active tension Correct Answers produced by contraction
acute vs chronic exercise Correct Answers -once vs repeated
-chronic = ideally become exercise trained
air displacement: BOD POD Correct Answers -computer
sensors = accurate, easy, fast
-body density, % body fat
-inaccessible, costly, efficacy for diff size people
amino acids Correct Answers -from de novo
synthesis/breakdown (atrophy) of muscle and lean tissue
-synthesizes muscle protein (hypertrophy)
-interconversion: transamination, oxidation
-basal metabolism = making/breaking muscle protein
antioxidants Correct Answers -quenches free radical by binding
O2/donating e- to it/repairing damage
-vit C, vit E, beta-carotene, selenium
ATP delivery/utilization Correct Answers -ATP delivery
systems: PC, lactic, oxidative
-myosin heavy chain makes ATP very quickly
-ATP utilization: muscle fibre type (MHC); I (slow)/II (fast)
basal metabolic rate Correct Answers -60-75% of total energy
expenditure
-decreases if you lose lean mass (lower thyroid hormone lvls)
,-can inc while maintaining BW by reducing body fat and inc
lean mass (inc calorie intake, build muscle, etc)
-dec w/ age (physical inactivity, sarcopenia, body fat accum)
BCAA Correct Answers -can be used as fuel b/c C backbone
beta-carotene Correct Answers -plant precursor of vit A
-orange colour in foods
-soaks up oxygen free radicals
beta-oxidation Correct Answers -from fats
-lots more ATP
-FA becomes acetyl-coa and enters mitochondria and same cycle
bioelectrical impedance analysis Correct Answers -electric
current resistance thru fat
-influenced by hydration b/c electrolytes
-costly, low accuracy (but good for relative before and after
training) due to water
-can show fat distribution
biotin (B7) Correct Answers -water soluble
-carb metabolism, FA synthesis
-hair, skin, nails
BMI Correct Answers = weight in kg/(height in m)^2
-underweight < 18.5
-normal 18.5-24.9
-overweight 25-29.9
-obese 30+
(risk at 25+)
, carbs Correct Answers RDA: 45-65% kcal
-endurance exercise: hits wall once out of carbs b/c fats are not
as efficient (5 vs 4.7), so at a submaximal lvl, an athlete will
burn more FATS than untrained person (= train longer b/c not
using just carbs)
-high intensity exercise: inc carbs burnt; at max VO2, carbs are
the ONLY FUEL (glycogen)
-replenishment is key; liver takes carbs to other parts of body
complete protein sources Correct Answers -supplies all
essential AA in adequate amounts
-animal sources mostly; better protein source than plants
complex carbs Correct Answers -chains of many sugar molec
-polysaccharides, fibre, found in plants, starches
concentric contraction Correct Answers (shortening): the way
muscle is supposed to work
-req less force b/c biomechanical advantage of naturally working
this way
-positive work (+ force, + dir); work done BY muscle
-low force, high velocity
cunningham equation Correct Answers RMR = 500 + 22 x FFM
Hence, using only lean mass
decreased neuromuscular activity Correct Answers -unloading
-ex) detraining, immobilization, microgravity
-Slow types → fast types
(Fast types are better storage form)
active tension Correct Answers produced by contraction
acute vs chronic exercise Correct Answers -once vs repeated
-chronic = ideally become exercise trained
air displacement: BOD POD Correct Answers -computer
sensors = accurate, easy, fast
-body density, % body fat
-inaccessible, costly, efficacy for diff size people
amino acids Correct Answers -from de novo
synthesis/breakdown (atrophy) of muscle and lean tissue
-synthesizes muscle protein (hypertrophy)
-interconversion: transamination, oxidation
-basal metabolism = making/breaking muscle protein
antioxidants Correct Answers -quenches free radical by binding
O2/donating e- to it/repairing damage
-vit C, vit E, beta-carotene, selenium
ATP delivery/utilization Correct Answers -ATP delivery
systems: PC, lactic, oxidative
-myosin heavy chain makes ATP very quickly
-ATP utilization: muscle fibre type (MHC); I (slow)/II (fast)
basal metabolic rate Correct Answers -60-75% of total energy
expenditure
-decreases if you lose lean mass (lower thyroid hormone lvls)
,-can inc while maintaining BW by reducing body fat and inc
lean mass (inc calorie intake, build muscle, etc)
-dec w/ age (physical inactivity, sarcopenia, body fat accum)
BCAA Correct Answers -can be used as fuel b/c C backbone
beta-carotene Correct Answers -plant precursor of vit A
-orange colour in foods
-soaks up oxygen free radicals
beta-oxidation Correct Answers -from fats
-lots more ATP
-FA becomes acetyl-coa and enters mitochondria and same cycle
bioelectrical impedance analysis Correct Answers -electric
current resistance thru fat
-influenced by hydration b/c electrolytes
-costly, low accuracy (but good for relative before and after
training) due to water
-can show fat distribution
biotin (B7) Correct Answers -water soluble
-carb metabolism, FA synthesis
-hair, skin, nails
BMI Correct Answers = weight in kg/(height in m)^2
-underweight < 18.5
-normal 18.5-24.9
-overweight 25-29.9
-obese 30+
(risk at 25+)
, carbs Correct Answers RDA: 45-65% kcal
-endurance exercise: hits wall once out of carbs b/c fats are not
as efficient (5 vs 4.7), so at a submaximal lvl, an athlete will
burn more FATS than untrained person (= train longer b/c not
using just carbs)
-high intensity exercise: inc carbs burnt; at max VO2, carbs are
the ONLY FUEL (glycogen)
-replenishment is key; liver takes carbs to other parts of body
complete protein sources Correct Answers -supplies all
essential AA in adequate amounts
-animal sources mostly; better protein source than plants
complex carbs Correct Answers -chains of many sugar molec
-polysaccharides, fibre, found in plants, starches
concentric contraction Correct Answers (shortening): the way
muscle is supposed to work
-req less force b/c biomechanical advantage of naturally working
this way
-positive work (+ force, + dir); work done BY muscle
-low force, high velocity
cunningham equation Correct Answers RMR = 500 + 22 x FFM
Hence, using only lean mass
decreased neuromuscular activity Correct Answers -unloading
-ex) detraining, immobilization, microgravity
-Slow types → fast types
(Fast types are better storage form)
