PSL301 *TT2* UofT ( Cardio Lectures 6, 7 and 8)Questions
With Complete Solutions
Acute myocardial Infarction: Medical Treatment Correct
Answers - Rest, oxygen, analgesia, aspirin
- Thrombolysis
- Primary angioplasty open a 'balloon' in vessel (operation)
- t-PA (plasminogen activator Plasminogen > plasmin) dissolves
clot
- Beta blockers -reduce sympathetic nervous system
- ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure
Angioplasty Correct Answers - Insert balloon, and increase
blood flow
- Stent threaded on balloon, and the stent is left in the site where
LDL plaque occurred.
Ascites Correct Answers abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
abdomen
(peritoneal cavity)
- Caused by inadequate nutrition, fewer plasma proteins in blood
vessel, therefore overall low collides osmotic pressure (low
opposition to filtration), less fluid return to blood
Baroreceptor response to exercise? Theories Correct Answers
1) sympathetic activity causes them to think higher pressures are
normal
2) baroreceptor transmission is blocked during exercise
3) chemoreceptor (low pH) signals outweigh baroreceptor
signals
,Capillaries Correct Answers Primary area where nutrients are
exchanged in the body across thin wall
large surface areas for exchange of solutes and fluid
Capillary density is related to what? Correct Answers metabolic
activity of cells
Over 10 billion capillaries with surface area of 500-700 m2
performing solute and fluid exchange
Capillary Exchange: final forces for transfer Correct Answers
Absorption: movement of fluid into capillaries at venous end
- Filtration: movement of fluid out of capillaries at arterial end
(b/c that's your high pressure ends, solutes will move based on
hydrostatic pressure) Net filtration at arterial end
- Bulk flow: movement of fluid due to hydrostatic/osmotic
pressure
Capillary Exchange: HOW do substances move?? Correct
Answers 1) Exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid can
occur by paracellular (in between cells through cell-cell
junctions) pathways
2) Larger solutes and proteins move by vesicular transport
(transcellular- through apical and bosolateral membranes of
cells)
Consequences of hypertension Correct Answers 1) Damage
cerebral blood vessels and lead to stroke: either clot/ischemia or
hemorrhage(bleed out)
, 2) Increased cardiac load -> hypertrophy (stiff heart) --> harder
to eject blood if peripheral resistance is high) more work on the
heart
3) Contributes to atherosclerosis( damage lining of blood vessel)
4) Pressure imbalances
CVD: Risk Factors Correct Answers Uncontrollable
- Sex
- Age
- Family history
Controllable
- Smoke (can produce chemicals that cause damage to
endothelial linings → increase in susceptibility of lipids
depositing into blood vessels)
- Obesity (hormones from fat deposits can activate disease
causing pathways, and can cause hypertension)
- Sedentary lifestyle (lack exercise)
- Untreated hypertension
- Untreated cholesterol
- Stress (high catecholamine release)
Edema Correct Answers - Inadequate drainage of lymph
causing leaking which causes buildup and swelling
- Lymph unable to return interstitial fluid back to the blood
vessel
- Able to occur in any vascularized tissue
Elephantiasis Correct Answers abnormal enlargement of any
part of the body due to obstruction of the lymphatic channels in
the area
With Complete Solutions
Acute myocardial Infarction: Medical Treatment Correct
Answers - Rest, oxygen, analgesia, aspirin
- Thrombolysis
- Primary angioplasty open a 'balloon' in vessel (operation)
- t-PA (plasminogen activator Plasminogen > plasmin) dissolves
clot
- Beta blockers -reduce sympathetic nervous system
- ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure
Angioplasty Correct Answers - Insert balloon, and increase
blood flow
- Stent threaded on balloon, and the stent is left in the site where
LDL plaque occurred.
Ascites Correct Answers abnormal accumulation of fluid in the
abdomen
(peritoneal cavity)
- Caused by inadequate nutrition, fewer plasma proteins in blood
vessel, therefore overall low collides osmotic pressure (low
opposition to filtration), less fluid return to blood
Baroreceptor response to exercise? Theories Correct Answers
1) sympathetic activity causes them to think higher pressures are
normal
2) baroreceptor transmission is blocked during exercise
3) chemoreceptor (low pH) signals outweigh baroreceptor
signals
,Capillaries Correct Answers Primary area where nutrients are
exchanged in the body across thin wall
large surface areas for exchange of solutes and fluid
Capillary density is related to what? Correct Answers metabolic
activity of cells
Over 10 billion capillaries with surface area of 500-700 m2
performing solute and fluid exchange
Capillary Exchange: final forces for transfer Correct Answers
Absorption: movement of fluid into capillaries at venous end
- Filtration: movement of fluid out of capillaries at arterial end
(b/c that's your high pressure ends, solutes will move based on
hydrostatic pressure) Net filtration at arterial end
- Bulk flow: movement of fluid due to hydrostatic/osmotic
pressure
Capillary Exchange: HOW do substances move?? Correct
Answers 1) Exchange between plasma and interstitial fluid can
occur by paracellular (in between cells through cell-cell
junctions) pathways
2) Larger solutes and proteins move by vesicular transport
(transcellular- through apical and bosolateral membranes of
cells)
Consequences of hypertension Correct Answers 1) Damage
cerebral blood vessels and lead to stroke: either clot/ischemia or
hemorrhage(bleed out)
, 2) Increased cardiac load -> hypertrophy (stiff heart) --> harder
to eject blood if peripheral resistance is high) more work on the
heart
3) Contributes to atherosclerosis( damage lining of blood vessel)
4) Pressure imbalances
CVD: Risk Factors Correct Answers Uncontrollable
- Sex
- Age
- Family history
Controllable
- Smoke (can produce chemicals that cause damage to
endothelial linings → increase in susceptibility of lipids
depositing into blood vessels)
- Obesity (hormones from fat deposits can activate disease
causing pathways, and can cause hypertension)
- Sedentary lifestyle (lack exercise)
- Untreated hypertension
- Untreated cholesterol
- Stress (high catecholamine release)
Edema Correct Answers - Inadequate drainage of lymph
causing leaking which causes buildup and swelling
- Lymph unable to return interstitial fluid back to the blood
vessel
- Able to occur in any vascularized tissue
Elephantiasis Correct Answers abnormal enlargement of any
part of the body due to obstruction of the lymphatic channels in
the area
