PSL300 Endocrine System Questions With Complete
Solutions
3 main types of hormones Correct Answers 1. Peptide/protein
(3+ AAs)
2. Steroid (derived from cholesterol)
3. Amine (derived from single AAs)
ACTH Correct Answers - Causes all layers of adrenal cortex to
release glucocorticoids
- Derived from POMC
- Released from anterior pituitary
Addison's disease Correct Answers - *Low secretion of all
adrenal steroid hormones*
- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
- Symptoms: weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, fatal
hypoglycemia, unable to deal with stress, water retention,
diffuse and spotting skin tanning
Adrenal cortex Correct Answers - Layers of cells along edge of
the adrenal glands
- 3 layers: *zona glomerulosa* (produces aldosterone), *zona
fasciulata* (glucocorticoids), *zona reticularis* (sex hormones),
*medulla*
- All hormones produced are steroids
- Each layer produces a different kind of steroid b/c *different
enzymes in each layer*
Adrenal gland Correct Answers Made up of 2 types of tissues:
adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla.
,Above kidneys.
Adrenal medulla Correct Answers - Inner region of adrenal
gland
- Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
- Secretes catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine &
dopamine
Adrenergic receptor Correct Answers - Class of G protein-
coupled receptors for catecholamines, thereby allowing
epinephrine to cause different effect throughout the body
- β1 and β2: Gs receptors; activate adenylyl cyclase to create
cAMP and producing PKA
- α2: Gi receptor; inhibits PKA production
- α1: Gq receptor; activates phospholipase C to produce IP3 (-->
Ca2+) + DAG to produce PKC
Aldosterone Correct Answers - Steroid hormone
- Synthesized in adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
- Acts on distal tubule and collecting ducts
- Responsible for:
1) Na+ reabsorption (to retain water, b/c water follows other
molecules)
2) K+ secretion
- Increases expression of passive Na+ and K+ channels (apical
side) and Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral side)
- Ultimately increases plasma Na+ and blood volume
Aldosterone synthesis Correct Answers - Controlled by
negative feedback
- Stimulators: High plasma [K+]; release of angiotensin II
,- Inhibitor: high osmolarity (extracellular fluid)
Amine hormones Correct Answers - Synthesized only from
single amino acids - tryptophan or tyrosine
- *Tryptophan derivative*: Melatonin
- *Tyrosine derivatives*: catecholamines and thyroid hormones
Anaphylaxis Correct Answers - Systemic immune reaction of
body to exposure to an allergen
- Life-threatening
- Treat with epinephrine
- Symptoms
1) Rash
2) Hypotension, systemic vasodilation
3) Tightening of upper airways
4) Overreaction of gastrointestinal system
Androgens Correct Answers - Production is increased by
ACTH
- Converted to more potent androgens and extrogens in
peripheral tissues
- Men: no physiological role
- Women: maintain pubic and axillary hair, source of estrogens
after menopause
- Children: puberty - pubic hair, body odour, skin oiliness, acne
Angiotensin II Correct Answers - A more biologically active
hormone than angiotensin I
- Functions:
1) Hypothalamus - thirst
2) Blood vessels - vasocontriction
, 3) Adrenal cortex - secrete aldosterone --> increase water and
Na+ retention in proximal tubule
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers - Hypothalamic hormone
travel through *portal vessels* and stimulate release of anterior
pituitary hormones
- Glands produce anterior pituitary hormones ("FLAT PEG")
- Suppresses further hormone release from hypothalamus
- Vasculature with capillaries surrounding endocrine cells and
connecting to veins in order to distribute hormones to rest of
body
Anterior pituitary hormones Correct Answers 7 types of
hormones (FLAT PEG):
1. FSH (e.g. estrogen, testosterone; to gonads)
2. LH (to gonads)
3. ACTH (e.g. cortisol; to adrenal cortex)
4. TSH (e.g. T3, T4; to thryoid gland)
5. Prolactin (to mammary glands)
6. Endorphins (to brain)
7. GH (e.g.insulin-like growth factors; to musculoskeletal
system)
Balance of daily water intake and excretion Correct Answers
Intake + metabolic production = output
- Intake = food, drink
- Metabolic production = cellular respiration
- Output = urine, insensible losses (sweat & breath), feces
- Daily water input & output = 2.5L
Biological rhythms Correct Answers - E.g. circadian rhythms
Solutions
3 main types of hormones Correct Answers 1. Peptide/protein
(3+ AAs)
2. Steroid (derived from cholesterol)
3. Amine (derived from single AAs)
ACTH Correct Answers - Causes all layers of adrenal cortex to
release glucocorticoids
- Derived from POMC
- Released from anterior pituitary
Addison's disease Correct Answers - *Low secretion of all
adrenal steroid hormones*
- Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
- Symptoms: weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, fatal
hypoglycemia, unable to deal with stress, water retention,
diffuse and spotting skin tanning
Adrenal cortex Correct Answers - Layers of cells along edge of
the adrenal glands
- 3 layers: *zona glomerulosa* (produces aldosterone), *zona
fasciulata* (glucocorticoids), *zona reticularis* (sex hormones),
*medulla*
- All hormones produced are steroids
- Each layer produces a different kind of steroid b/c *different
enzymes in each layer*
Adrenal gland Correct Answers Made up of 2 types of tissues:
adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla.
,Above kidneys.
Adrenal medulla Correct Answers - Inner region of adrenal
gland
- Controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
- Secretes catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine &
dopamine
Adrenergic receptor Correct Answers - Class of G protein-
coupled receptors for catecholamines, thereby allowing
epinephrine to cause different effect throughout the body
- β1 and β2: Gs receptors; activate adenylyl cyclase to create
cAMP and producing PKA
- α2: Gi receptor; inhibits PKA production
- α1: Gq receptor; activates phospholipase C to produce IP3 (-->
Ca2+) + DAG to produce PKC
Aldosterone Correct Answers - Steroid hormone
- Synthesized in adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)
- Acts on distal tubule and collecting ducts
- Responsible for:
1) Na+ reabsorption (to retain water, b/c water follows other
molecules)
2) K+ secretion
- Increases expression of passive Na+ and K+ channels (apical
side) and Na+/K+ ATPase (basolateral side)
- Ultimately increases plasma Na+ and blood volume
Aldosterone synthesis Correct Answers - Controlled by
negative feedback
- Stimulators: High plasma [K+]; release of angiotensin II
,- Inhibitor: high osmolarity (extracellular fluid)
Amine hormones Correct Answers - Synthesized only from
single amino acids - tryptophan or tyrosine
- *Tryptophan derivative*: Melatonin
- *Tyrosine derivatives*: catecholamines and thyroid hormones
Anaphylaxis Correct Answers - Systemic immune reaction of
body to exposure to an allergen
- Life-threatening
- Treat with epinephrine
- Symptoms
1) Rash
2) Hypotension, systemic vasodilation
3) Tightening of upper airways
4) Overreaction of gastrointestinal system
Androgens Correct Answers - Production is increased by
ACTH
- Converted to more potent androgens and extrogens in
peripheral tissues
- Men: no physiological role
- Women: maintain pubic and axillary hair, source of estrogens
after menopause
- Children: puberty - pubic hair, body odour, skin oiliness, acne
Angiotensin II Correct Answers - A more biologically active
hormone than angiotensin I
- Functions:
1) Hypothalamus - thirst
2) Blood vessels - vasocontriction
, 3) Adrenal cortex - secrete aldosterone --> increase water and
Na+ retention in proximal tubule
Anterior pituitary Correct Answers - Hypothalamic hormone
travel through *portal vessels* and stimulate release of anterior
pituitary hormones
- Glands produce anterior pituitary hormones ("FLAT PEG")
- Suppresses further hormone release from hypothalamus
- Vasculature with capillaries surrounding endocrine cells and
connecting to veins in order to distribute hormones to rest of
body
Anterior pituitary hormones Correct Answers 7 types of
hormones (FLAT PEG):
1. FSH (e.g. estrogen, testosterone; to gonads)
2. LH (to gonads)
3. ACTH (e.g. cortisol; to adrenal cortex)
4. TSH (e.g. T3, T4; to thryoid gland)
5. Prolactin (to mammary glands)
6. Endorphins (to brain)
7. GH (e.g.insulin-like growth factors; to musculoskeletal
system)
Balance of daily water intake and excretion Correct Answers
Intake + metabolic production = output
- Intake = food, drink
- Metabolic production = cellular respiration
- Output = urine, insensible losses (sweat & breath), feces
- Daily water input & output = 2.5L
Biological rhythms Correct Answers - E.g. circadian rhythms
