BIOD 331 Module 1 Exam Questions with Complete Solutions
pathophysiology not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but
also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces
(trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and
nutritional excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present
at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
, specificity people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race,
dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic
acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing
seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is
asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging
smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is
needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a
heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the
way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
pathophysiology not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but
also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces
(trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and
nutritional excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions (present
at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
, specificity people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age, race,
dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking folic
acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent
communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing
seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is
asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging
smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is
needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a
heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the
way things have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
