NR 226- Exam 3 Study Guide | VERIFIED GUIDE

1. Defecation; Valsalva maneuver 2. Factors influencing bowel elimination; common causes of constipation Common causes of constipation - Ignoring urge to go; irregular bowel habits; chronic illnesses (Parkinson, MS, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic bowel disease, diabetic neuropathy, eating disorders); low-fiber diet & high fat(meats, dairy, eggs); low fluid intake; anxiety, depression, cognitive impairment; no exercise; extended bedrest; misusing laxatives; slowed peristalsis, loss of abdomen muscle elasticity, & reduced intestinal mucus secretion experienced by older pt’s; neuro conditions that block nerve impulses (spinal cord injury, tumor); hypothyroidism, hypocalcemia or hypokalemia; meds (anticholinergics, antispasmodics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antihistamines, antihypertensives, antiparkinsonism, bile acid sequestrants, diuretics, antacids, iron supplements, calcium supplements, & opioids) Factors influencing bowel elimination - Age – infants poop faster because of small stomach & less digestive enzymes; they have rapid peristalsis; they cant control poop. In older pt’s functional digestion changes are caused by changes in cardiovascular & neuro not because of GI; peristalsis decreases & esophageal emptying slows; impairs digestion & elimination; they lose control of pooping because of lose muscle tome in perineal floor & anal sphincter; nerve impulses in anus slow so they don’t know when they have to go Diet – fiber creates bulk to flush fats and waste easier (whole grains, fresh fruits, & veggies); bowel walls stretch creating peristalsis & keeping stool soft; high-fiber means normal poop pattern; diet high in veggies & fruits linked to decrease risk of colorectal cancer; gas-producing foods stimulate peristalsis by distending the intestines (onions, cauliflower & beans); spicy foods increase peristalsis but also give you