3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
1. The characteristic, localized cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:
A) fever.
B) fatigue.
C) redness.
D) granuloma.
2. The vascular, hemodynamic stage of acute inflammation is initiated by momentary vasoconstriction
followed by vasodilation that causes localized:
A) bleeding.
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
B) congestion.
C) pale skin.
D) coolness.
3. The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives early in great numbers?
A) Basophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Platelets
4. The phagocytosis process involves three distinct steps. What is the initial step in the
process?
A) Engulfment
B) Intracellular killing
C) Antigen margination
D) Recognition and adherence
5. Which of the following mediators of inflammation causes increased capillary permeability
and pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide
6. Inflammatory exudates are a combination of several types. Which of the following
exudates is composed of enmeshed necrotic cells?
A) Serous
B) Fibrinous
C) Suppurative
D) Membranous
7. The acute-phase systemic response usually begins within hours of the onset of
inflammation and includes:
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
A) fever and lethargy.
B) decreased C-reactive protein.
C) positive nitrogen balance.
D) low erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
8. In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by which of the
following phenomena?
A) Profuse fibrinous exudation
B) A shift to the left of granulocytes
C) Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
9. Exogenous pyrogens (interleukin-1) and the presence of bacteria in the blood lead to the
release of endogenous pyrogens that:
A) stabilize thermal control in the brain.
B) produce leukocytosis and anorexia.
C) block viral replication in cells.
D) inhibit prostaglandin release.
10 An older adult patient has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempted . to boost herself up in
bed, an event that has precipitated acute
inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will
occur during the vascular stage of the patients inflammation?
A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
B) Chemotaxis
C) Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium
D) Phagocytosis of cellular debris
11 Which of the following individuals most likely has the highest risk of . experiencing
chronic inflammation?
A) A patient who has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
B) A patient who is a carrier of an antibiotic-resistant organism
C) A patient who is taking oral antibiotics for an upper respiratory infection
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
D) A patient who is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
12 Which of the following core body temperatures is within normal range? .
A) 35.9C (96.6F)
B) 38.0C (100.4F)
C) 35.5C (95.9F)
D) 37.3C (99.1F)
13 A postsurgical patient who is recovering in the postanesthetic recovery unit . states that she is
freezing cold. Which of the following measures is likely to be initiated in the patients hypothalamus in
an effort to reduce heat loss?
A) Opening of arteriovenous (AV) shunts
B) Reduced exhalation of warmed air
C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles
D) Decreased urine production
14 An elderly patient is dressed only in a hospital gown and complains of a
. draft in her room. Consequently, she has requested a warm blanket while she sits in her
wheelchair. Which of the following mechanisms of heat loss is most likely the
primary cause of her request?
A) Evaporation and conduction
B) Radiation and convection
C) Conduction and convection
D) Convection and evaporation
15 Which of the following pathophysiologic processes are capable of inducing . the production
of pyrogens? Select all that apply.
A) Acute inflammation
B) Obesity
C) Myocardial infarction
D) Malignancy
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
, 3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
E) Renal failure
16 Which of the following patients is most likely to be susceptible to . developing a
neurogenic fever?
A) A patient who has stage II Alzheimer disease
B) A patient who has sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash
C) A patient who has become delirious after the administration of a
benzodiazepine
D) A patient who has begun taking a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the
treatment of depression
17 Patients are commonly administered antipyretics when their oral temperature
. exceeds 37.5C (99.5F). Which of the following statements related to the
rationale for this action is most accurate?
A) Temperatures in excess of 37.5C (99.5F) can result in seizure activity.
B) Lower temperatures inhibit the protein synthesis of bacteria.
C) There is little empirical evidence for this treatment modality.
D) Most common antipyretics have been shown to have little effect on core temperature.
18 A patient has sought care because of recent malaise and high fever. Upon . assessment, the
patient states that his current fever began two days earlier, although he states that for the last 2 weeks he
is in a cycle of high fever for a couple of days followed by a day or two of normal temperature. Which of
the following fever patterns is this patient experiencing?
A) Recurrent fever
B) Remittent fever
C) Sustained fever
D) Intermittent fever
19 A febrile, 3-week-old infant has been brought to the emergency department
. by his parents and is currently undergoing a diagnostic workup to determine the cause
of his fever. Which of the following statements best conveys the rationale for this careful
examination?
A) The immature hypothalamus is unable to perform
normal thermoregulation.
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
1. The characteristic, localized cardinal signs of acute inflammation include:
A) fever.
B) fatigue.
C) redness.
D) granuloma.
2. The vascular, hemodynamic stage of acute inflammation is initiated by momentary vasoconstriction
followed by vasodilation that causes localized:
A) bleeding.
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
B) congestion.
C) pale skin.
D) coolness.
3. The cellular stage of acute inflammation is marked by the movement of leukocytes into
the area. Which of the following cells arrives early in great numbers?
A) Basophils
B) Lymphocytes
C) Neutrophils
D) Platelets
4. The phagocytosis process involves three distinct steps. What is the initial step in the
process?
A) Engulfment
B) Intracellular killing
C) Antigen margination
D) Recognition and adherence
5. Which of the following mediators of inflammation causes increased capillary permeability
and pain?
A) Serotonin
B) Histamine
C) Bradykinin
D) Nitric oxide
6. Inflammatory exudates are a combination of several types. Which of the following
exudates is composed of enmeshed necrotic cells?
A) Serous
B) Fibrinous
C) Suppurative
D) Membranous
7. The acute-phase systemic response usually begins within hours of the onset of
inflammation and includes:
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
A) fever and lethargy.
B) decreased C-reactive protein.
C) positive nitrogen balance.
D) low erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
8. In contrast to acute inflammation, chronic inflammation is characterized by which of the
following phenomena?
A) Profuse fibrinous exudation
B) A shift to the left of granulocytes
C) Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
D) Lymphocytosis and activated macrophages
9. Exogenous pyrogens (interleukin-1) and the presence of bacteria in the blood lead to the
release of endogenous pyrogens that:
A) stabilize thermal control in the brain.
B) produce leukocytosis and anorexia.
C) block viral replication in cells.
D) inhibit prostaglandin release.
10 An older adult patient has just sheared the skin on her elbow while attempted . to boost herself up in
bed, an event that has precipitated acute
inflammation in the region surrounding the wound. Which of the following events will
occur during the vascular stage of the patients inflammation?
A) Outpouring of exudate into interstitial spaces
B) Chemotaxis
C) Accumulation of leukocytes along the epithelium
D) Phagocytosis of cellular debris
11 Which of the following individuals most likely has the highest risk of . experiencing
chronic inflammation?
A) A patient who has recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
B) A patient who is a carrier of an antibiotic-resistant organism
C) A patient who is taking oral antibiotics for an upper respiratory infection
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
,3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
D) A patient who is morbidly obese and who has a sedentary lifestyle
12 Which of the following core body temperatures is within normal range? .
A) 35.9C (96.6F)
B) 38.0C (100.4F)
C) 35.5C (95.9F)
D) 37.3C (99.1F)
13 A postsurgical patient who is recovering in the postanesthetic recovery unit . states that she is
freezing cold. Which of the following measures is likely to be initiated in the patients hypothalamus in
an effort to reduce heat loss?
A) Opening of arteriovenous (AV) shunts
B) Reduced exhalation of warmed air
C) Contraction of pilomotor muscles
D) Decreased urine production
14 An elderly patient is dressed only in a hospital gown and complains of a
. draft in her room. Consequently, she has requested a warm blanket while she sits in her
wheelchair. Which of the following mechanisms of heat loss is most likely the
primary cause of her request?
A) Evaporation and conduction
B) Radiation and convection
C) Conduction and convection
D) Convection and evaporation
15 Which of the following pathophysiologic processes are capable of inducing . the production
of pyrogens? Select all that apply.
A) Acute inflammation
B) Obesity
C) Myocardial infarction
D) Malignancy
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
, 3/9/2026, 7:08:56 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:08 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:07 PM
E) Renal failure
16 Which of the following patients is most likely to be susceptible to . developing a
neurogenic fever?
A) A patient who has stage II Alzheimer disease
B) A patient who has sustained a head injury in a bicycle crash
C) A patient who has become delirious after the administration of a
benzodiazepine
D) A patient who has begun taking a selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for the
treatment of depression
17 Patients are commonly administered antipyretics when their oral temperature
. exceeds 37.5C (99.5F). Which of the following statements related to the
rationale for this action is most accurate?
A) Temperatures in excess of 37.5C (99.5F) can result in seizure activity.
B) Lower temperatures inhibit the protein synthesis of bacteria.
C) There is little empirical evidence for this treatment modality.
D) Most common antipyretics have been shown to have little effect on core temperature.
18 A patient has sought care because of recent malaise and high fever. Upon . assessment, the
patient states that his current fever began two days earlier, although he states that for the last 2 weeks he
is in a cycle of high fever for a couple of days followed by a day or two of normal temperature. Which of
the following fever patterns is this patient experiencing?
A) Recurrent fever
B) Remittent fever
C) Sustained fever
D) Intermittent fever
19 A febrile, 3-week-old infant has been brought to the emergency department
. by his parents and is currently undergoing a diagnostic workup to determine the cause
of his fever. Which of the following statements best conveys the rationale for this careful
examination?
A) The immature hypothalamus is unable to perform
normal thermoregulation.
3/9/2026, 7:09:00 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:03 PM 3/9/2026, 7:09:05 PM
