Abdulla Nakshbandi Midterm Review Chapter Focus
Points Pathophysiology (PATH 370) 2025 West
Coast University)
WEEK 1
Chapters 1 & 2
• Levels of prevention & examples (primary, secondary, and tertiary)
• Stages of illness (example: latent and subclinical)
• Disease spread terminology (example: endemic)
• Socioeconomic factors that influence disease
• Stress response, what's secreted during stress
• Selye’s three phases of the stress response (General Adaptation Syndrome – each phase)
• Sympathetic nervous system stress mediators (example: norepinephrine)
• Effects of excessive cortisol: immune suppression.
Chapter 4
1. Cellular Adaptations
• Atrophy – Reduction in cell size due to disuse or lack of nutrients.
• Hypertrophy – Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
• Hyperplasia – Increase in the number of cells due to increased demand or hormonal signals.
, • Metaplasia – Replacement of one cell type with another due to persistent injury.
• Dysplasia – Disorganized growth, potentially preneoplastic (precancerous).
2. Cell Injury and Death
• Necrosis – Irreversible cell death due to injury.
o Coagulative Necrosis – Caused by ischemia (lack of blood flow).
o Liquefactive Necrosis – Occurs in brain tissue, forming liquid mass.
o Caseous Necrosis – Found in tuberculosis infections.
o Fat Necrosis – Occurs in adipose tissue, often due to trauma or pancreatitis.
• Apoptosis – Programmed cell death, necessary for tissue homeostasis.
Points Pathophysiology (PATH 370) 2025 West
Coast University)
WEEK 1
Chapters 1 & 2
• Levels of prevention & examples (primary, secondary, and tertiary)
• Stages of illness (example: latent and subclinical)
• Disease spread terminology (example: endemic)
• Socioeconomic factors that influence disease
• Stress response, what's secreted during stress
• Selye’s three phases of the stress response (General Adaptation Syndrome – each phase)
• Sympathetic nervous system stress mediators (example: norepinephrine)
• Effects of excessive cortisol: immune suppression.
Chapter 4
1. Cellular Adaptations
• Atrophy – Reduction in cell size due to disuse or lack of nutrients.
• Hypertrophy – Increase in cell size due to increased workload.
• Hyperplasia – Increase in the number of cells due to increased demand or hormonal signals.
, • Metaplasia – Replacement of one cell type with another due to persistent injury.
• Dysplasia – Disorganized growth, potentially preneoplastic (precancerous).
2. Cell Injury and Death
• Necrosis – Irreversible cell death due to injury.
o Coagulative Necrosis – Caused by ischemia (lack of blood flow).
o Liquefactive Necrosis – Occurs in brain tissue, forming liquid mass.
o Caseous Necrosis – Found in tuberculosis infections.
o Fat Necrosis – Occurs in adipose tissue, often due to trauma or pancreatitis.
• Apoptosis – Programmed cell death, necessary for tissue homeostasis.
