Inhoudsopgave
What is organizational behaviour ........................................................................................................... 5
Demonstrate the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. ............................................. 5
Define the manager’s functions, roles, and skills ........................................................................... 5
Define organizational behaviour......................................................................................................... 6
Complementing intuition with systematic study ................................................................................ 6
Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB ......................................... 6
Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB .................................................................................... 6
Identify the challenges and opportunities of OB concepts ................................................................ 6
Three levels of Analysis in this book’s OB model ................................................................................ 7
Outcome variables .............................................................................................................................. 7
Personality and values ............................................................................................................................ 8
Personality .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Personality frameworks ...................................................................................................................... 8
Big five personality model............................................................................................................... 9
Big five traits at work ...................................................................................................................... 9
The dark triad .................................................................................................................................. 9
Other personality attributes relevant to OB ..................................................................................... 10
Core Self-Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 10
Self-monitoring ............................................................................................................................. 10
Proactive personality .................................................................................................................... 10
Personality, job search, and unemployment .................................................................................... 10
Personality and situations................................................................................................................. 10
Situation Strength Theory ............................................................................................................. 10
Trait Activation Theory ................................................................................................................. 11
Values ................................................................................................................................................ 11
The importance and organization of values ................................................................................. 11
Terminal versus instrumental values ............................................................................................ 11
Perception and Individual Decision making .......................................................................................... 11
What is Perception? .......................................................................................................................... 11
Factors That Influence Perception ................................................................................................ 11
Person Perception: Making Judgements About Others .................................................................... 12
Attribution Theory ........................................................................................................................ 12
Common Shortcuts in Judging Others .......................................................................................... 12
Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations...................................................................... 12
, The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making ........................................................ 12
Decision Making in Organizations ..................................................................................................... 13
Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition .................................................................... 13
Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making............................................................................ 13
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints ................. 14
Individual Differences ................................................................................................................... 14
Organizational Constraints............................................................................................................ 14
What About Ethics in Decision Making ............................................................................................. 14
Three Ethical Decision Criteria ...................................................................................................... 14
Lying .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Creativity, Creative Decision Making, and Innovation in Organization ............................................ 14
Create Behaviour .......................................................................................................................... 14
Cause of Creating Behaviour ......................................................................................................... 15
Creative Outcomes........................................................................................................................ 15
Motivation concepts ............................................................................................................................. 15
Motivation defined ........................................................................................................................... 15
Early Theories of Motivation............................................................................................................. 15
Two-Factor Theory ........................................................................................................................ 16
McClelland’s Theory of Needs ...................................................................................................... 16
Contemporary Theories of Motivation ............................................................................................. 16
Self-Determination Theory ........................................................................................................... 16
Goal-Setting Theory ...................................................................................................................... 16
Other Contemporary Theories of Motivation ................................................................................... 17
Self-Efficacy Theory ....................................................................................................................... 17
Reinforcement theory ................................................................................................................... 17
Expectancy Theory ........................................................................................................................ 17
Equity Theory/Organizational Justice ............................................................................................... 18
Distributive justice ........................................................................................................................ 18
Procedural Justice ......................................................................................................................... 18
Interactional justice ...................................................................................................................... 18
Justice outcomes ........................................................................................................................... 18
Job Engagement ................................................................................................................................ 18
Motivation: from concepts to application ............................................................................................ 19
Motivating by job design: the job characteristics model .................................................................. 19
The job characteristics model ....................................................................................................... 19
Job redesign ...................................................................................................................................... 19
, Job rotation and job enrichment .................................................................................................. 19
Relation job design........................................................................................................................ 19
Alternative work arrangements ........................................................................................................ 19
Flextime......................................................................................................................................... 19
Job sharing .................................................................................................................................... 20
Telecommuting ............................................................................................................................. 20
Employee involvement ..................................................................................................................... 20
Examples of employee involvement programs ............................................................................ 20
Using rewards to motivate employees ............................................................................................. 20
What to pay: establishing a pay structure .................................................................................... 20
How to pay: rewarding individual employees through variables-pay programs.......................... 20
Using benefits to motivate employees ............................................................................................. 21
Flexible benefits: developing a benefits package ......................................................................... 21
Using intrinsic rewards to motivate employees ............................................................................... 21
Employee recognition programmes ............................................................................................. 21
Foundation of organization structure ................................................................................................... 21
What is organizational structure ...................................................................................................... 21
Work specialization ....................................................................................................................... 21
Departmentalization ..................................................................................................................... 21
Chain of demand ........................................................................................................................... 22
Span of control .............................................................................................................................. 22
Centralization and decentralization .............................................................................................. 22
Formalization ................................................................................................................................ 22
Boundary spanning ....................................................................................................................... 22
Common organizational frameworks and structures ....................................................................... 22
Simple structure ............................................................................................................................ 22
Bureaucracy .................................................................................................................................. 23
The matrix structure ..................................................................................................................... 23
Alternate design options................................................................................................................... 23
Virtual structure ............................................................................................................................ 23
The team structure ....................................................................................................................... 23
Circular structure .......................................................................................................................... 23
The leaner organization: Downsizing ................................................................................................ 24
Why do structure differ?................................................................................................................... 24
Organizational strategies .............................................................................................................. 24
Organization size ........................................................................................................................... 24
, Technology .................................................................................................................................... 24
Environment.................................................................................................................................. 25
Institutions .................................................................................................................................... 25
Organizational designs and employee behaviour............................................................................. 25
HR policies and practice ........................................................................................................................ 25
Recruitment practices ....................................................................................................................... 25
Selection practices ............................................................................................................................ 25
How the selection process works ................................................................................................. 25
Initial selection .............................................................................................................................. 25
Substantive and contingent selection............................................................................................... 26
Written tests ................................................................................................................................. 26
Performance- stimulation tests .................................................................................................... 26
Interviews...................................................................................................................................... 26
Contingent selection tests ............................................................................................................ 26
Training and development programs ............................................................................................... 27
Types of training ........................................................................................................................... 27
Training methods .......................................................................................................................... 27
Evaluating effectiveness ............................................................................................................... 27
Performance evaluation ................................................................................................................... 27
What is performance? .................................................................................................................. 27
What do we evaluate? .................................................................................................................. 28
Who should do the evaluating ...................................................................................................... 28
Methods of performance evaluation ............................................................................................ 28
Improving performance evaluations............................................................................................. 28
The leadership role of HR.................................................................................................................. 29
Managing work-life conflicts ......................................................................................................... 29
Meditation, termination, and layoffs............................................................................................ 29
Organizational change and stress management................................................................................... 29
Change .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Forces for change .......................................................................................................................... 29
Planned change ............................................................................................................................. 29
Resistance to change ........................................................................................................................ 29
Overcoming resistance to change ................................................................................................. 30
The politics of change ................................................................................................................... 30
Approach to managing organizational change ................................................................................. 31
Lewin’s Three-step model of the change process ........................................................................ 31
What is organizational behaviour ........................................................................................................... 5
Demonstrate the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. ............................................. 5
Define the manager’s functions, roles, and skills ........................................................................... 5
Define organizational behaviour......................................................................................................... 6
Complementing intuition with systematic study ................................................................................ 6
Identify the major behavioural science disciplines that contribute to OB ......................................... 6
Demonstrate why few absolutes apply to OB .................................................................................... 6
Identify the challenges and opportunities of OB concepts ................................................................ 6
Three levels of Analysis in this book’s OB model ................................................................................ 7
Outcome variables .............................................................................................................................. 7
Personality and values ............................................................................................................................ 8
Personality .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Personality frameworks ...................................................................................................................... 8
Big five personality model............................................................................................................... 9
Big five traits at work ...................................................................................................................... 9
The dark triad .................................................................................................................................. 9
Other personality attributes relevant to OB ..................................................................................... 10
Core Self-Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 10
Self-monitoring ............................................................................................................................. 10
Proactive personality .................................................................................................................... 10
Personality, job search, and unemployment .................................................................................... 10
Personality and situations................................................................................................................. 10
Situation Strength Theory ............................................................................................................. 10
Trait Activation Theory ................................................................................................................. 11
Values ................................................................................................................................................ 11
The importance and organization of values ................................................................................. 11
Terminal versus instrumental values ............................................................................................ 11
Perception and Individual Decision making .......................................................................................... 11
What is Perception? .......................................................................................................................... 11
Factors That Influence Perception ................................................................................................ 11
Person Perception: Making Judgements About Others .................................................................... 12
Attribution Theory ........................................................................................................................ 12
Common Shortcuts in Judging Others .......................................................................................... 12
Specific Applications of Shortcuts in Organizations...................................................................... 12
, The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision Making ........................................................ 12
Decision Making in Organizations ..................................................................................................... 13
Rational Model, Bounded Rationality, and Intuition .................................................................... 13
Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making............................................................................ 13
Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints ................. 14
Individual Differences ................................................................................................................... 14
Organizational Constraints............................................................................................................ 14
What About Ethics in Decision Making ............................................................................................. 14
Three Ethical Decision Criteria ...................................................................................................... 14
Lying .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Creativity, Creative Decision Making, and Innovation in Organization ............................................ 14
Create Behaviour .......................................................................................................................... 14
Cause of Creating Behaviour ......................................................................................................... 15
Creative Outcomes........................................................................................................................ 15
Motivation concepts ............................................................................................................................. 15
Motivation defined ........................................................................................................................... 15
Early Theories of Motivation............................................................................................................. 15
Two-Factor Theory ........................................................................................................................ 16
McClelland’s Theory of Needs ...................................................................................................... 16
Contemporary Theories of Motivation ............................................................................................. 16
Self-Determination Theory ........................................................................................................... 16
Goal-Setting Theory ...................................................................................................................... 16
Other Contemporary Theories of Motivation ................................................................................... 17
Self-Efficacy Theory ....................................................................................................................... 17
Reinforcement theory ................................................................................................................... 17
Expectancy Theory ........................................................................................................................ 17
Equity Theory/Organizational Justice ............................................................................................... 18
Distributive justice ........................................................................................................................ 18
Procedural Justice ......................................................................................................................... 18
Interactional justice ...................................................................................................................... 18
Justice outcomes ........................................................................................................................... 18
Job Engagement ................................................................................................................................ 18
Motivation: from concepts to application ............................................................................................ 19
Motivating by job design: the job characteristics model .................................................................. 19
The job characteristics model ....................................................................................................... 19
Job redesign ...................................................................................................................................... 19
, Job rotation and job enrichment .................................................................................................. 19
Relation job design........................................................................................................................ 19
Alternative work arrangements ........................................................................................................ 19
Flextime......................................................................................................................................... 19
Job sharing .................................................................................................................................... 20
Telecommuting ............................................................................................................................. 20
Employee involvement ..................................................................................................................... 20
Examples of employee involvement programs ............................................................................ 20
Using rewards to motivate employees ............................................................................................. 20
What to pay: establishing a pay structure .................................................................................... 20
How to pay: rewarding individual employees through variables-pay programs.......................... 20
Using benefits to motivate employees ............................................................................................. 21
Flexible benefits: developing a benefits package ......................................................................... 21
Using intrinsic rewards to motivate employees ............................................................................... 21
Employee recognition programmes ............................................................................................. 21
Foundation of organization structure ................................................................................................... 21
What is organizational structure ...................................................................................................... 21
Work specialization ....................................................................................................................... 21
Departmentalization ..................................................................................................................... 21
Chain of demand ........................................................................................................................... 22
Span of control .............................................................................................................................. 22
Centralization and decentralization .............................................................................................. 22
Formalization ................................................................................................................................ 22
Boundary spanning ....................................................................................................................... 22
Common organizational frameworks and structures ....................................................................... 22
Simple structure ............................................................................................................................ 22
Bureaucracy .................................................................................................................................. 23
The matrix structure ..................................................................................................................... 23
Alternate design options................................................................................................................... 23
Virtual structure ............................................................................................................................ 23
The team structure ....................................................................................................................... 23
Circular structure .......................................................................................................................... 23
The leaner organization: Downsizing ................................................................................................ 24
Why do structure differ?................................................................................................................... 24
Organizational strategies .............................................................................................................. 24
Organization size ........................................................................................................................... 24
, Technology .................................................................................................................................... 24
Environment.................................................................................................................................. 25
Institutions .................................................................................................................................... 25
Organizational designs and employee behaviour............................................................................. 25
HR policies and practice ........................................................................................................................ 25
Recruitment practices ....................................................................................................................... 25
Selection practices ............................................................................................................................ 25
How the selection process works ................................................................................................. 25
Initial selection .............................................................................................................................. 25
Substantive and contingent selection............................................................................................... 26
Written tests ................................................................................................................................. 26
Performance- stimulation tests .................................................................................................... 26
Interviews...................................................................................................................................... 26
Contingent selection tests ............................................................................................................ 26
Training and development programs ............................................................................................... 27
Types of training ........................................................................................................................... 27
Training methods .......................................................................................................................... 27
Evaluating effectiveness ............................................................................................................... 27
Performance evaluation ................................................................................................................... 27
What is performance? .................................................................................................................. 27
What do we evaluate? .................................................................................................................. 28
Who should do the evaluating ...................................................................................................... 28
Methods of performance evaluation ............................................................................................ 28
Improving performance evaluations............................................................................................. 28
The leadership role of HR.................................................................................................................. 29
Managing work-life conflicts ......................................................................................................... 29
Meditation, termination, and layoffs............................................................................................ 29
Organizational change and stress management................................................................................... 29
Change .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Forces for change .......................................................................................................................... 29
Planned change ............................................................................................................................. 29
Resistance to change ........................................................................................................................ 29
Overcoming resistance to change ................................................................................................. 30
The politics of change ................................................................................................................... 30
Approach to managing organizational change ................................................................................. 31
Lewin’s Three-step model of the change process ........................................................................ 31
