PEDORTHICS: FINAL EXAM, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PEDORTHICS
What does a pedorthist do? - correct answer.A pedorthist understands the
properties of footwear and the interaction between a patient's foot and
the device or shoe, which makes them skilled at evaluating feet and
fitting footwear >>> is a healthcare professional specifically trained in
comprehensive foot care using therapeutic foot wear and supportive
orthotic devices for the foot. A pedorthist helps the patient prevent or
reduce painful or disabling conditions of the foot and ankle.
Anatomical planes - correct answer.Coronal, sagittal, transverse >>> are
imaginary two-dimensional surfaces used to describe the location and
movement of body parts. All anatomical references are based on the
standard anatomical position, where a person stands upright with their
head and feet facing forward, arms at their sides, and palms facing
forward.
Columns of the foot - correct answer.Medial - 1st metatarsal, medial
cuneiform Middle - 2nd/3rd metatarsal, intermediate/lateral cuneiform
Lateral - 4th/5th metatarsal, cuboid >>> refer to the three arches that
support and distribute body weight, act as shock absorbers, and provide a
flexible lever for propulsion. These arches are composed of bones,
ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
,Sections of the foot - correct answer.Forefoot - distal phalanges 1-5,
intermediate phalanges 2-5, proximal phalanges 1-5, metatarsals 1-5
Midfoot - medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular
Hindfoot (rearfoot) - talus, calcaneus
Name the joints of the foot and ankle complex - correct answer.Talocrural
(ankle); subtalar (talocalcaneal); transverse tarsal (midtarsal, Chopart)
[talonavicular, calcaneocuboid]; tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc);
metatarsophalangeal (MTP); proximal/distal interphalangeal (PIPs, DIPs)
Type of joint & motions: talocrural - correct answer.Hinge; dorsiflexion,
plantarflexion
Type of joint & motions: subtalar - correct answer.Oblique condyloid;
pronosupination
Type of joint & motions: transverse tarsal - correct answer.TN - ball &
socket; inversion, eversion
,CC - modified saddle; inversion, eversion [oblique, longitudinal]
Type of joint & motions: tarsometatarsal - correct answer.Planar
Type of joint & motions: metatarsophalangeal - correct answer.Condyloid;
DF, PF, adduction, abduction, circumduction
Type of joint & motions: interphalangeal - correct answer.Hinge; flexion,
extension
Four levels of PF amputation - correct answer.Subtalar, Chopart, Lisfranc,
MTP
4 purposes of the foot - correct answer.Shock absorption, rigid propulsion,
adverse terrain, structural platform
Three arches of the foot - correct answer.Medial longitudinal, lateral
longitudinal, transverse
Bones of medial arch - correct answer.Calcaneus, navicular, all 3
cuneiforms, mets 1-3
Bones of the lateral arch - correct answer.Lateral tubercle of calcaneus,
cuboid, mets 4- 5
Bones of the transverse arch - correct answer.Cuneiforms, cuboid,
metatarsals 1-5
Ligaments of medial arch - correct answer.Plantar calcaneonavicular
(spring), plantar aponeurosis, short/long plantar
Ligaments of the lateral arch - correct answer.Short & long plantar
, Ligaments of the transverse arch - correct answer.Deep transverse
ligaments
Muscles of medial arch - correct answer.Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior,
flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus
Muscles of lateral arch - correct answer.Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis,
plantar fascia, intrinsics
Muscles of transverse arch - correct answer.Adductor hallucis, interossei,
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Bones that form the basis of weight bearing - correct answer.Met heads
(specifically 1,5), calcaneus
Column that is most weight bearing - correct answer.Lateral
Which is the stronger side of the ankle and why? - correct answer.Lateral;
ligament positioning & fibula bony stop
What determines the motion of each joint? - correct answer.Angle of joint
(oblique)
Motion of talocrural joint axis - correct answer.See saw
Motion of subtalar joint axis - correct answer.Triplanar motion
Plane, section, joint: dorsiflexion & plantarflexion - correct answer.Plane -
sagittal Section - ankle; hindfoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
PEDORTHICS
What does a pedorthist do? - correct answer.A pedorthist understands the
properties of footwear and the interaction between a patient's foot and
the device or shoe, which makes them skilled at evaluating feet and
fitting footwear >>> is a healthcare professional specifically trained in
comprehensive foot care using therapeutic foot wear and supportive
orthotic devices for the foot. A pedorthist helps the patient prevent or
reduce painful or disabling conditions of the foot and ankle.
Anatomical planes - correct answer.Coronal, sagittal, transverse >>> are
imaginary two-dimensional surfaces used to describe the location and
movement of body parts. All anatomical references are based on the
standard anatomical position, where a person stands upright with their
head and feet facing forward, arms at their sides, and palms facing
forward.
Columns of the foot - correct answer.Medial - 1st metatarsal, medial
cuneiform Middle - 2nd/3rd metatarsal, intermediate/lateral cuneiform
Lateral - 4th/5th metatarsal, cuboid >>> refer to the three arches that
support and distribute body weight, act as shock absorbers, and provide a
flexible lever for propulsion. These arches are composed of bones,
ligaments, tendons, and muscles.
,Sections of the foot - correct answer.Forefoot - distal phalanges 1-5,
intermediate phalanges 2-5, proximal phalanges 1-5, metatarsals 1-5
Midfoot - medial/intermediate/lateral cuneiforms, cuboid, navicular
Hindfoot (rearfoot) - talus, calcaneus
Name the joints of the foot and ankle complex - correct answer.Talocrural
(ankle); subtalar (talocalcaneal); transverse tarsal (midtarsal, Chopart)
[talonavicular, calcaneocuboid]; tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc);
metatarsophalangeal (MTP); proximal/distal interphalangeal (PIPs, DIPs)
Type of joint & motions: talocrural - correct answer.Hinge; dorsiflexion,
plantarflexion
Type of joint & motions: subtalar - correct answer.Oblique condyloid;
pronosupination
Type of joint & motions: transverse tarsal - correct answer.TN - ball &
socket; inversion, eversion
,CC - modified saddle; inversion, eversion [oblique, longitudinal]
Type of joint & motions: tarsometatarsal - correct answer.Planar
Type of joint & motions: metatarsophalangeal - correct answer.Condyloid;
DF, PF, adduction, abduction, circumduction
Type of joint & motions: interphalangeal - correct answer.Hinge; flexion,
extension
Four levels of PF amputation - correct answer.Subtalar, Chopart, Lisfranc,
MTP
4 purposes of the foot - correct answer.Shock absorption, rigid propulsion,
adverse terrain, structural platform
Three arches of the foot - correct answer.Medial longitudinal, lateral
longitudinal, transverse
Bones of medial arch - correct answer.Calcaneus, navicular, all 3
cuneiforms, mets 1-3
Bones of the lateral arch - correct answer.Lateral tubercle of calcaneus,
cuboid, mets 4- 5
Bones of the transverse arch - correct answer.Cuneiforms, cuboid,
metatarsals 1-5
Ligaments of medial arch - correct answer.Plantar calcaneonavicular
(spring), plantar aponeurosis, short/long plantar
Ligaments of the lateral arch - correct answer.Short & long plantar
, Ligaments of the transverse arch - correct answer.Deep transverse
ligaments
Muscles of medial arch - correct answer.Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior,
flexor hallucis longus, gastrocnemius, soleus
Muscles of lateral arch - correct answer.Peroneus longus, peroneus brevis,
plantar fascia, intrinsics
Muscles of transverse arch - correct answer.Adductor hallucis, interossei,
peroneus longus, peroneus brevis
Bones that form the basis of weight bearing - correct answer.Met heads
(specifically 1,5), calcaneus
Column that is most weight bearing - correct answer.Lateral
Which is the stronger side of the ankle and why? - correct answer.Lateral;
ligament positioning & fibula bony stop
What determines the motion of each joint? - correct answer.Angle of joint
(oblique)
Motion of talocrural joint axis - correct answer.See saw
Motion of subtalar joint axis - correct answer.Triplanar motion
Plane, section, joint: dorsiflexion & plantarflexion - correct answer.Plane -
sagittal Section - ankle; hindfoot
Joint - talocrural; subtalar
