MEDC 527 Exam 2
What do electron-donating groups do to a benzene ring?
EDGs activate the benzene ring since they increase the electron density, making it
more nucleophilic
What do electron-withdrawing groups do to a benzene ring?
EWGs deactivate the benzene ring since they decrease the electron density, making it
less nucleophilic
Which functional groups are considered neutral and do not ionize?
Amides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, and ethers
What is pka for amines?
8-11
What is the pka for carboxylic acids?
3-5
What is the pka for phenols?
9-11
What is the pka for anilines?
3-5
What is the pka for imidazoles?
6.9
What is the pka for pyridines?
4-6
What is the pka for imides?
8-10
What is the pka for 1, 3-dicarbonyls?
11-13
What is the pka for imines?
around 7
What is the relationship between hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups with
solubility?
, Hydrophobic groups would decrease the solubility of the molecule; meanwhile,
hydrophilic groups would increase the solubility of the molecule.
What are the hydrophilic groups?
-OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2
What are the hydrophobic groups?
Aromatic rings, long chains
How can amines become more soluble?
Aqueous mineral acids make the amines into an ionic salt group, making it soluble.
Meanwhile, carboxylic acids, when combined with an amine group, create an amine-
carboxylate salt, which is soluble.
Which amino acids are non-polar with aliphatic r-groups?
Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine
Chemical structure of glycine
Chemical structure of alanine
Chemical structure of proline
Chemical structure of valine
What do electron-donating groups do to a benzene ring?
EDGs activate the benzene ring since they increase the electron density, making it
more nucleophilic
What do electron-withdrawing groups do to a benzene ring?
EWGs deactivate the benzene ring since they decrease the electron density, making it
less nucleophilic
Which functional groups are considered neutral and do not ionize?
Amides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, and ethers
What is pka for amines?
8-11
What is the pka for carboxylic acids?
3-5
What is the pka for phenols?
9-11
What is the pka for anilines?
3-5
What is the pka for imidazoles?
6.9
What is the pka for pyridines?
4-6
What is the pka for imides?
8-10
What is the pka for 1, 3-dicarbonyls?
11-13
What is the pka for imines?
around 7
What is the relationship between hydrophobic groups and hydrophilic groups with
solubility?
, Hydrophobic groups would decrease the solubility of the molecule; meanwhile,
hydrophilic groups would increase the solubility of the molecule.
What are the hydrophilic groups?
-OH, -NH2, -COOH, -CONH2
What are the hydrophobic groups?
Aromatic rings, long chains
How can amines become more soluble?
Aqueous mineral acids make the amines into an ionic salt group, making it soluble.
Meanwhile, carboxylic acids, when combined with an amine group, create an amine-
carboxylate salt, which is soluble.
Which amino acids are non-polar with aliphatic r-groups?
Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine
Chemical structure of glycine
Chemical structure of alanine
Chemical structure of proline
Chemical structure of valine
