Construction 3
INTRO
- construction 3: site, space plan and services
Lecture 01 - Site Design (use of sun, wind (and precipitation))
Principles & theoretical background
- natural factors:
- sunlight: electromagnetic radiotion – infrared, visible & UV light
-> diffused – atmosphere
- measure: Solar irradiance [W/m²]: power/ unit area
(a) mean solar irradiation -> top of Earth's atmosphere -->
(b) Annual insolation -> reach Earth surface after atmosphere
-> used most by designers
-> measured with pyranometer -->
<- hrs of sunlight/ day -> belgium:
-> winter solstice ) day least light – base for design (critical)
- Wind: in Belgium no cyclones/ hurricanes -> take less into account
- classification: spatial scale, speed and direction
- long duration winds: breeze, gale, storm, hurricane
- design conditions: use https://globalwindatlas.info/en/area/Belgium
for parameters place -> consider height – building
- measure: anemometers (most often w rotating cups – propellers)
-> by propagation s - ultrasnd signal/ effect vent on heated wire
- Temperature: chart L: average surface air temperature
- design parameter: winter solstice
- rise of temp since industrial revolution
- In cities – extra increase temp
- buildings, pavement, -- vegetation, activities, energy usage…
-> Be less than ex. LA, NYC …
- Precipitation: Be: moderate all year round/ Equator: ++ but extreme seasons
-measure: rain gauge or pluviometer
- precipitation and temperature classification: Koppen Climate classification sys
-> based temp, precip and vegetation patterns -> Be= Cfb (temperate oceanic)
- humidity= concentration of water vapour present in air
- relative humidity: ratio 2 pressures; partial pressure of water vapour in
ambient sat pressure of water at temp of ambient
-> most used in design
- measure: hygrometer (- Da Vinci) – humidistat (humid-triggered switch)
- Meteorolical stations: RMI – 20 station BE
(www.meteo.be/en/weather/observations/belgium)
-> other factor(s): Vapour diffusion from in- to outside (noise, fire, earthquake –
less in Belgium)
1
, Culture and history
- ancient city of Olynthus (Greece): oriented towards sun
- Code of Justinian: sunshine may not be blocked from reaching a helio-caminus
<- arabic/ middle eastern cities: high, small streets -> bend sunlight – reduce temp
- asia: used L-shaped windbreakers – protect cold wind -->
- America (honduras): passive vent by setting houses far apart ->
Current practice
- main focus: sunlight (thermal energy) & wind (kinetic energy)
- other focusses: site selection; wind and site design; sun-driven (solar acces; shadow patterns;
site planning; solar zoning)
- site selection: keep in mind: tilt earth’s axis, seasons (winter solstice as design base)
-> orientation
- slope different condition and sun:
- mntn: shaded slope inconvenient (at least Be)
- solar acces (boundry): conical surface generated – sunrays (winter)
- best no large trees too close to south of building – block sun (panels, daylight)
- shadow patterns: desirable – no overlap
-> angle 45°, length: h.7 (in belgium) -> in middle: h.2,5
- streets: east-west streets best, try avoid north-south
-> try avoid uneven setbacks :
- when solar acces not possible – can use roof windows
- maquette see lighting - heliodon
- wind & site design:
- a small reduct.- wind velocity (wind-breaker (tree)) -> high reduct of heat loss
- when gap -> wind velocity % increases (consider 4 ppl walk thru – comfort)
- ex. pilotis
- tall building -> ground level redirection wind
-> can be avoided by extensions
- tallest buildings best -> south => protect cold northern wind + no block sunlight
- protect wind in cold climate: row housing or cluster housing
-> hot climates: lead wind thru home (natural vent)-> use vegetation -->
-> use staggered buildings (geschrankt) – promote nat vent
- maximize summer wind -> trees w high canopies
2
INTRO
- construction 3: site, space plan and services
Lecture 01 - Site Design (use of sun, wind (and precipitation))
Principles & theoretical background
- natural factors:
- sunlight: electromagnetic radiotion – infrared, visible & UV light
-> diffused – atmosphere
- measure: Solar irradiance [W/m²]: power/ unit area
(a) mean solar irradiation -> top of Earth's atmosphere -->
(b) Annual insolation -> reach Earth surface after atmosphere
-> used most by designers
-> measured with pyranometer -->
<- hrs of sunlight/ day -> belgium:
-> winter solstice ) day least light – base for design (critical)
- Wind: in Belgium no cyclones/ hurricanes -> take less into account
- classification: spatial scale, speed and direction
- long duration winds: breeze, gale, storm, hurricane
- design conditions: use https://globalwindatlas.info/en/area/Belgium
for parameters place -> consider height – building
- measure: anemometers (most often w rotating cups – propellers)
-> by propagation s - ultrasnd signal/ effect vent on heated wire
- Temperature: chart L: average surface air temperature
- design parameter: winter solstice
- rise of temp since industrial revolution
- In cities – extra increase temp
- buildings, pavement, -- vegetation, activities, energy usage…
-> Be less than ex. LA, NYC …
- Precipitation: Be: moderate all year round/ Equator: ++ but extreme seasons
-measure: rain gauge or pluviometer
- precipitation and temperature classification: Koppen Climate classification sys
-> based temp, precip and vegetation patterns -> Be= Cfb (temperate oceanic)
- humidity= concentration of water vapour present in air
- relative humidity: ratio 2 pressures; partial pressure of water vapour in
ambient sat pressure of water at temp of ambient
-> most used in design
- measure: hygrometer (- Da Vinci) – humidistat (humid-triggered switch)
- Meteorolical stations: RMI – 20 station BE
(www.meteo.be/en/weather/observations/belgium)
-> other factor(s): Vapour diffusion from in- to outside (noise, fire, earthquake –
less in Belgium)
1
, Culture and history
- ancient city of Olynthus (Greece): oriented towards sun
- Code of Justinian: sunshine may not be blocked from reaching a helio-caminus
<- arabic/ middle eastern cities: high, small streets -> bend sunlight – reduce temp
- asia: used L-shaped windbreakers – protect cold wind -->
- America (honduras): passive vent by setting houses far apart ->
Current practice
- main focus: sunlight (thermal energy) & wind (kinetic energy)
- other focusses: site selection; wind and site design; sun-driven (solar acces; shadow patterns;
site planning; solar zoning)
- site selection: keep in mind: tilt earth’s axis, seasons (winter solstice as design base)
-> orientation
- slope different condition and sun:
- mntn: shaded slope inconvenient (at least Be)
- solar acces (boundry): conical surface generated – sunrays (winter)
- best no large trees too close to south of building – block sun (panels, daylight)
- shadow patterns: desirable – no overlap
-> angle 45°, length: h.7 (in belgium) -> in middle: h.2,5
- streets: east-west streets best, try avoid north-south
-> try avoid uneven setbacks :
- when solar acces not possible – can use roof windows
- maquette see lighting - heliodon
- wind & site design:
- a small reduct.- wind velocity (wind-breaker (tree)) -> high reduct of heat loss
- when gap -> wind velocity % increases (consider 4 ppl walk thru – comfort)
- ex. pilotis
- tall building -> ground level redirection wind
-> can be avoided by extensions
- tallest buildings best -> south => protect cold northern wind + no block sunlight
- protect wind in cold climate: row housing or cluster housing
-> hot climates: lead wind thru home (natural vent)-> use vegetation -->
-> use staggered buildings (geschrankt) – promote nat vent
- maximize summer wind -> trees w high canopies
2
