WGUD236pathophysiology OA
Questions and Answers
2025/2026 | Complete Guide
GRADED A+
, WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2025/2026
Questions and Answers Graded A+
WhatKisKStarling'sKLawKofKCapillaryKforces?
HowKdoesKthisKexplainKwhyKaKnutritionallyKdeficientKchildKwouldKhaveKedema?
-
☑☑Starling'sKLawKdescribesKhowKfluidsKmoveKacrossKtheKcapillaryKmembrane.KThereKareKtwoKmajorKo
K
pposingKforcesKthatKactKtoKbalanceKeachKother,KhydrostaticKpressureK(pushingKwaterKoutKofKtheKcapillari
es)KandKosmoticKpressureK(includingKonconticKpressure,KwhichKpushesKfluidKintoKtheKcapillaries).
BothKelectrolytesKandKproteinsK(onconticKpressure)KinKtheKbloodKaffectKosmoticKpressure,Khig
hKelectrolyteKandKproteinKconcentrationsKinKtheKbloodKwouldKcauseKwaterKtoKleaveKtheKcellsKa
ndKinterstitialKspaceKandKenterKtheKbloodKstreamKtoKdiluteKtheKhighKconcentrations.
On,KtheKotherKhand,KlowKelectrolyteKandKproteinKconcentrationsK(asKseenKinKaKnutritionallyKdeficientKchil
d)KwouldKcauseKwaterKtoKleaveKtheKcapillariesKandKenterKtheKcellsKandKinterstitialKfluidKwhichKcanKleadKto
K edema.
HowKdoesKtheKRAASK(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteroneKSystem)KresultKinKincreasedKbloodKvolumeKandKincreasedKbloodKpressure?
-
☑☑AKdropKinKbloodKpressureKisKsensedKbyKtheKkidneysKbyKlowKperfusion,KwhichKinKturnKbeginsKtoKsecr
K
eteKrenin.
,ReninKthenKtriggersKtheKliverKtoKproduceKangiotensinogen,KwhichKisKconvertedKtoKAngiotensinKIKinKtheKlu
ngsKandKthenKangiotensinKIIKbyKtheKenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingKenzymeK(ACE).KAngiotensinKIIKstimulatesKperipheralKarterialKvasoconstrictionKwhichKraisesKB
P.
AngiotensinKIIKisKalsoKstimulatingKtheKadrenalKglandKtoKreleaseKaldosterone,KwhichKactsKtoKincreaseKsodi
umKandKwaterKreabsorptionKincreasingKbloodKvolume,KwhileKalsoKincreasedKpotassiumKsecretionKinKurin
e.
HowKcanKhyperkalemiaKleadKtoKcardiacKarrest?
-
☑☑NormalKlevelsKofKpotassiumKareKbetweenK3.5KandK5.2KmEq/dL.KHyperkalemiaKrefersKtoKpotassiu
K
mKlevelsKhigherKthatK5.2KmEq/dL.
AKmajorKfunctionKofKpotassiumKisKtoKconductKnerveKimpulsesKinKmuscles.KTooKlowKandKmuscleKweaknessK
occursKandKtooKmuchKcanKcauseKmuscleKspasms.
ThisKisKespeciallyKdangerousKinKtheKheartKmuscleKandKanKirregularKheartbeatKcanKcauseKaKheartKattack
, TheKbodyKusesKtheKProteinKBufferingKSystem,KPhosphateKBufferingKSystem,KandKCarbonicKAcid-
K BicarbonateKSystemKtoKregulateKandKmaintainKhomeostaticKpH,KwhatKisKtheKconsequenceKofKaKpHKimbal
ance
- ☑☑ProteinsKcontainKmanyKacidicKandKbasicKgroupKthatKcanKbeKaffectedKbyKpHKchanges.KAnyKincreas
eKorKdecreaseKinKbloodKpHKcanKalterKtheKstructureKofKtheKproteinK(denature),KtherebyKaffectingKitsKfuncti
onKasKwell
DescribeKtheKlaboratoryKfindingsKassociatedKwithKmetabolicKacidosis,KmetabolicKalkalosis,KrespiratoryKac
idosisKandKrespiratoryKalkalosis.K(ieKrelativeKpHKandKCO2Klevels).
- ☑☑NormalKABGsK(ArterialKBloodKGases)KBloodKpH:K7.35-7.45KPCO2:K35-45KmmKHgKPO2:K90-
100KmmKHgKHCO3-:K22-26KmEq/LKSaO2:K95-100%
RespiratoryKacidosisKandKalkalosisKareKmarkedKbyKchangesKinKPCO2.KHigherK=KacidosisKandKlowerK=Kalkalo
sis
MetabolicKacidosisKandKalkalosisKareKcausedKbyKsomethingKotherKthanKabnormalKCO2Klevels.KThisKcouldKi
ncludeKtoxicity,Kdiabetes,KrenalKfailureKorKexcessiveKGIKlosses.
Questions and Answers
2025/2026 | Complete Guide
GRADED A+
, WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2025/2026
Questions and Answers Graded A+
WhatKisKStarling'sKLawKofKCapillaryKforces?
HowKdoesKthisKexplainKwhyKaKnutritionallyKdeficientKchildKwouldKhaveKedema?
-
☑☑Starling'sKLawKdescribesKhowKfluidsKmoveKacrossKtheKcapillaryKmembrane.KThereKareKtwoKmajorKo
K
pposingKforcesKthatKactKtoKbalanceKeachKother,KhydrostaticKpressureK(pushingKwaterKoutKofKtheKcapillari
es)KandKosmoticKpressureK(includingKonconticKpressure,KwhichKpushesKfluidKintoKtheKcapillaries).
BothKelectrolytesKandKproteinsK(onconticKpressure)KinKtheKbloodKaffectKosmoticKpressure,Khig
hKelectrolyteKandKproteinKconcentrationsKinKtheKbloodKwouldKcauseKwaterKtoKleaveKtheKcellsKa
ndKinterstitialKspaceKandKenterKtheKbloodKstreamKtoKdiluteKtheKhighKconcentrations.
On,KtheKotherKhand,KlowKelectrolyteKandKproteinKconcentrationsK(asKseenKinKaKnutritionallyKdeficientKchil
d)KwouldKcauseKwaterKtoKleaveKtheKcapillariesKandKenterKtheKcellsKandKinterstitialKfluidKwhichKcanKleadKto
K edema.
HowKdoesKtheKRAASK(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteroneKSystem)KresultKinKincreasedKbloodKvolumeKandKincreasedKbloodKpressure?
-
☑☑AKdropKinKbloodKpressureKisKsensedKbyKtheKkidneysKbyKlowKperfusion,KwhichKinKturnKbeginsKtoKsecr
K
eteKrenin.
,ReninKthenKtriggersKtheKliverKtoKproduceKangiotensinogen,KwhichKisKconvertedKtoKAngiotensinKIKinKtheKlu
ngsKandKthenKangiotensinKIIKbyKtheKenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingKenzymeK(ACE).KAngiotensinKIIKstimulatesKperipheralKarterialKvasoconstrictionKwhichKraisesKB
P.
AngiotensinKIIKisKalsoKstimulatingKtheKadrenalKglandKtoKreleaseKaldosterone,KwhichKactsKtoKincreaseKsodi
umKandKwaterKreabsorptionKincreasingKbloodKvolume,KwhileKalsoKincreasedKpotassiumKsecretionKinKurin
e.
HowKcanKhyperkalemiaKleadKtoKcardiacKarrest?
-
☑☑NormalKlevelsKofKpotassiumKareKbetweenK3.5KandK5.2KmEq/dL.KHyperkalemiaKrefersKtoKpotassiu
K
mKlevelsKhigherKthatK5.2KmEq/dL.
AKmajorKfunctionKofKpotassiumKisKtoKconductKnerveKimpulsesKinKmuscles.KTooKlowKandKmuscleKweaknessK
occursKandKtooKmuchKcanKcauseKmuscleKspasms.
ThisKisKespeciallyKdangerousKinKtheKheartKmuscleKandKanKirregularKheartbeatKcanKcauseKaKheartKattack
, TheKbodyKusesKtheKProteinKBufferingKSystem,KPhosphateKBufferingKSystem,KandKCarbonicKAcid-
K BicarbonateKSystemKtoKregulateKandKmaintainKhomeostaticKpH,KwhatKisKtheKconsequenceKofKaKpHKimbal
ance
- ☑☑ProteinsKcontainKmanyKacidicKandKbasicKgroupKthatKcanKbeKaffectedKbyKpHKchanges.KAnyKincreas
eKorKdecreaseKinKbloodKpHKcanKalterKtheKstructureKofKtheKproteinK(denature),KtherebyKaffectingKitsKfuncti
onKasKwell
DescribeKtheKlaboratoryKfindingsKassociatedKwithKmetabolicKacidosis,KmetabolicKalkalosis,KrespiratoryKac
idosisKandKrespiratoryKalkalosis.K(ieKrelativeKpHKandKCO2Klevels).
- ☑☑NormalKABGsK(ArterialKBloodKGases)KBloodKpH:K7.35-7.45KPCO2:K35-45KmmKHgKPO2:K90-
100KmmKHgKHCO3-:K22-26KmEq/LKSaO2:K95-100%
RespiratoryKacidosisKandKalkalosisKareKmarkedKbyKchangesKinKPCO2.KHigherK=KacidosisKandKlowerK=Kalkalo
sis
MetabolicKacidosisKandKalkalosisKareKcausedKbyKsomethingKotherKthanKabnormalKCO2Klevels.KThisKcouldKi
ncludeKtoxicity,Kdiabetes,KrenalKfailureKorKexcessiveKGIKlosses.
