NR 511 Chamberlain Midterm Questions and answers
2025/2026 NEW!!
What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? - Answers Alcohol, NSAIDs, ASA, ABX,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and illicit substances
Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? - Answers Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE)
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some manifestations of AGE? - Answers Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How is the severity of AGE gauged? - Answers Dehydration secondary to profuse watery
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? - Answers Travel, dining
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
locations, ABX history..
Il` Il` Il`
What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bacteria? - Answers High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? - Answers Small bowel stasis as a
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bacteria within the stagnant segment.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? - Answers Bacterial:
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such as that
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
of Bacillus cereus.
Il` Il` Il`
What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? - Answers Incubation periods greater
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
reason for blood in the stool/ - Answers Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
to invasive pathogens.
Il` Il` Il`
What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? - Answers Malabsorption problem.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
reason? - Answers Hypoalbuminemia
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. - Answers True
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins - Answers True
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? - Answers Norovirus
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? - Answers Rotavirus. This
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
False
Il` Il` Il`
,T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE - Answers False
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
When are stool studies warranted? - Answers Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever > 38.5ºC,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? - Answers Shigella,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Campylobacter, and E. coli.
Il` Il` Il` Il`
What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
antibiotic therapy? - Answers Test for C. diff.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
abdominal pain? - Answers IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction, small
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bowel diverticulosis.
Il` Il`
What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody stool/rectal
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? - Answers Only supportive treatment is initiated
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? - Answers Fluid repletion
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? - Answers Signs of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
, T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
form traveling. - Answers True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
True
Il`
How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? - Answers 90%
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
effective
Il`
What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? - Answers Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with moderate to
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
severe diarrhea? - Answers Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium)
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with significant
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
vomiting? - Answers Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the best way to prevent AGE? - Answers Hand washing.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Kids can attend daycare with infectious diarrhea as long as they're separated from other
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
children. - Answers False! Not until the diarrhea has stopped.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If pain is present in the right lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disorders? - Answers IBD, IBS, Infectious Colitis, and Constipation
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If pain is present in the left lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disorders? - Answers Diverticulitis, IBS, IBD, Constipation, and Infectious Colitis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
2025/2026 NEW!!
What are common causes of N/V associated with gastritis? - Answers Alcohol, NSAIDs, ASA, ABX,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and illicit substances
Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common cause of nausea and vomiting? - Answers Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE)
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some manifestations of AGE? - Answers Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, fever,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
abdominal pain. May also include fatigue, malaise, anorexia, tenesmus and borborygmus.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How is the severity of AGE gauged? - Answers Dehydration secondary to profuse watery
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
diarrhea, fever greater than 101ºF (38.3ºC), vomiting, or dysentery.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are important parts of a patient's history when AGE is suspected? - Answers Travel, dining
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
locations, ABX history..
Il` Il` Il`
What happens to the pH of the stomach when antacids are taken and how does this affect
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bacteria? - Answers High pH can make it easier for bacteria to survive and cause and infection.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How does motility of the GI tract affect bacteria colonization? - Answers Small bowel stasis as a
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
result of obstruction, diverticulitis, or blind loop syndrome frequently develop an overgrowth of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bacteria within the stagnant segment.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Which immunoglobulin may protect the GI tract against invading organisms? - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
IgA...may also help protect against a future attack by the same pathogen.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
,Onset of N/V begin within 6 hours after exposure. Is this bacterial or viral? - Answers Bacterial:
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
time frame suggests food poisoning resulting from the ingestion of a preformed toxin such as that
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
of Bacillus cereus.
Il` Il` Il`
What two indications are highly suggestive of viral AGE? - Answers Incubation periods greater
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
than 14 hours and the initial symptom of vomiting.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If a patient presents with AGE and reports bloody stools, what can be understood about the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
reason for blood in the stool/ - Answers Mucosal damage and inflammatory process secondary
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
to invasive pathogens.
Il` Il` Il`
What do frothy stools and flatus suggest? - Answers Malabsorption problem.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Patients with prolonged AGE illness who are malnourished may present with edema. What is the
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
reason? - Answers Hypoalbuminemia
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Chronic diarrhea usually has a noninfectious etiology. - Answers True
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Acute diarrhea usually is caused by infectious agents or toxins - Answers True
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in adults? - Answers Norovirus
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the most common viral pathogen causing AGE in pediatrics? - Answers Rotavirus. This
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
has been greatly reduced since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Stool studies are indicated in the absence of bloody diarrhea or systemic disease - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
False
Il` Il` Il`
,T or F: A CBC will help distinguish between viral and bacterial AGE - Answers False
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
When are stool studies warranted? - Answers Severe or prolonged diarrhea, a fever > 38.5ºC,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bloody stools or stools that test positive for leukocytes or occult blood.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are common pathogens involved in Traveler's Diarrhea? - Answers Shigella,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Campylobacter, and E. coli.
Il` Il` Il` Il`
What should the clinician do if the patient develops diarrhea after initiation of completion of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
antibiotic therapy? - Answers Test for C. diff.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What are some DDx of AGE, particularly in patients with persistent or chronic diarrhea and severe
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
abdominal pain? - Answers IBS, IBD, ischemic bowel disease, partial bowel obstruction, small
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bowel diverticulosis.
Il` Il`
What are some red flag symptoms that may indicate the need for hospitalization? - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Hypovolemia, dehydration, abnormal electrolytes, decreased renal function, bloody stool/rectal
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
bleeding, weight loss, severe abdominal pain, prolonged symptoms greater than 1 week,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
pregnancy, advanced age, history of hospitalization or antibiotic use in the last 3-6 months.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the usual course of treatment for AGE? - Answers Only supportive treatment is initiated
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
since AGE is usually self-limiting and resolves within 1 week after onset of symptoms.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
How such patients with evidence of dehydration be treated initially? - Answers Fluid repletion
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
and nutrition. Sports drinks aren't as effective as specific electrolyte replenishing drinks.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
At what point should a patient be referred to the hospital for dehydration? - Answers Signs of
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
hypovolemia such as hypotension, tachycardia, pallor, and poor skin turgor.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
, T of F: Empiric antimicrobial therapy is recommended for patients with severe diarrhea suspected
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
form traveling. - Answers True. Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Floxacin.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas is appropriate. - Answers
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
True
Il`
How effective is antibiotic prophylaxis for patients traveling to high-risk areas? - Answers 90%
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
effective
Il`
What does antibiotic prophylaxis treatment consist of? - Answers Bactrim, Ciprofloxacin,
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
Norfloxacin, or Floxacin given once daily until 2 days after returning home.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with moderate to
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
severe diarrhea? - Answers Two-day course of Loperamide (Imodium)
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is an appropriate symptomatic treatment for patients < 65 years or age with significant
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
vomiting? - Answers Two-day course of Zofran or Phenergan.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
What is the best way to prevent AGE? - Answers Hand washing.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
T or F: Kids can attend daycare with infectious diarrhea as long as they're separated from other
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
children. - Answers False! Not until the diarrhea has stopped.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If pain is present in the right lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disorders? - Answers IBD, IBS, Infectious Colitis, and Constipation
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
If pain is present in the left lower quadrant, what might be the etiology related to bowel
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
disorders? - Answers Diverticulitis, IBS, IBD, Constipation, and Infectious Colitis.
Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il` Il`
