TEST BANK A Concise Introduction to Logic 14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 14 ||LATTEST VERIFIED VERSION 2025

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TEST BANK
A Concise Introduction to Logic
14th Edition by Hurley Chapter 1 to 14




TEST BANK

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TABLE OF CONTENTS UIO UIO UIO




Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC. UIO UIO UIO




1. Basic Concepts.
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Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise. Validity, Truth, Soundnes
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trength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended Arguments. Exercise.
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2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
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Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes. Exercise. Definitional Technique
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Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
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3. Informal Fallacies.
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Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, an
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licit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
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Part II: FORMAL LOGIC. UIO UIO UIO




4. Categorical Propositions.
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The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity, and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square
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Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditional Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams a
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the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
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5. Categorical Syllogisms.
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Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the Number of Terms. Exercise.
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dinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
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6. Propositional Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Arguments. Exercise. Indire
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Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
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7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
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Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of Replacement II. Exercise. Conditional
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oof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
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8. Predicate Logic.
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Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise. Conditional and Indirect Proof.
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rcise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
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Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
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9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
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Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
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10. Causality and Mill's Methods.
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,"Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's Methods and Science. Exercise.
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11. Probability.
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Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
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12. Statistical Reasoning.
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Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
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13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
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The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The Tentative Acceptance of Hypo
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ses. Exercise.
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14. Science and Superstition.
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Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing Science. Exercise.
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Answers to Selected Exercises.
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, Chapter 1 Test A UIO UIO UIO




MULTIPLE CHOICE UIO




INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments from nonarguments UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO




and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for each.
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1.U I O There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today are working
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more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more. Forty years ago a typical
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woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical man performing an activity considered
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unpleasant. Today, with men working less, the gap is 90 minutes and growing. UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO




a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
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b. Nonargument.
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c. U Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
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d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
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ANS: U I O D PTS: U I O 2

2.U I O Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially replaces other
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metals in biochemical reactions. In so doing it interferes with the proteins that regulate blood pressure
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(which can cause development delays in children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production
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(which can lead to anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
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transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and recall information.
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Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to Chemistry" UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO




a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
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c. U Nonargument. I O




d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
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e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
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ANS: U I O C PTS: U I O 2

3.U I O Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was virtuous to choose the
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proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a particular situation and that extremes of
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emotion and action were vices. In all communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have
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the capacity to judge wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
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whatever the situation. UIO UIO




David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical Choice UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO




a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
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b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
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c. U Argument; conclusion: They have the capacity to follow ... the situation.
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d. Argument; conclusion: He argued that it was virtuous ... were vices
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e. Nonargument.
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ANS: U I O E PTS: U I O 2

4.U I O Illegal immigrants pay local sales taxes, and many of them also pay state, local, and federal income tax
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and Social Security tax. They also purchase items from local merchants, increasing the amount these
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merchants pay in taxes. In addition, they work for low salaries, which increases the earnings of their
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employers and the amount of taxes these employers pay. Thus, it is not correct to say that illegal
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immigrants contribute nothing to the communities in which they live. UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO UIO




a. Argument; conclusion: It is not correct to say ... communities in which they live.
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