Bios 251 - Week 3 & 4 / Exam 2 Review questions and solutions

Bios 251 - Week 3 & 4 / Exam 2 Review questions and
solutions
What is the purpose of the Cytoskeleton? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - It provides structural support for the cell, aides in cell
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motility (Movement) and moves organelles.
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What are cells composed of? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - They are composed of a plasma (Cell Membrane), cytoplasm,
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cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton.
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Cytosol - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as Intracellular Fluid (ICF).
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Cytoplasm - Correct Answer ✔✔ - ALL FLUID and COMPONENTS between the nucleus and cell membrane (Includes
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the cytosol and cytoskeleton).
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What molecules are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Transmembrane proteins, periphe
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proteins, cholesterol, and sugars (glycolipids and glycoproteins).
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Plasma membrane proteins? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Membrane channel proteins, Glycoproteins, Enzymes, CAMs,
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Receptor proteins, and Second-messenger system.
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What is the function of a receptor? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Binds to chemical messengers such as hormones sent by oth
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cells.
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What is the function of an enzyme? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its
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effects.
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What is the function of a channel? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Allows solutes to pass into and out of the cell. Always open.
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What is the function of a gated channel? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Opens and closes to allow solutes only at a certain time
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What is the function of a Cell identity marker (Glycoprotein)? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Distinguishes the body's own cells
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from foreign cells.
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What is the function of a Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAMs)? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Binds one cell to another
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What is passive transport? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using
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energy (ATP). Occurs from high to low concentration.
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What is simple diffusion? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Molecules move from high to low concentration, with or without a
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membrane, and with or without channel proteins.
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What is facilitated diffusion? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Polar molecules move through a channel protein, from a high to low
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concentration.
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What is osmosis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - WATER MOLECULES move directly through a membrane or through specia
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proteins called Aquaporins. High to low concentration.
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,What is hypertonicity? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Solutions have high ECF osmolarity. Water moves out of the cell, causin
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the cell to shrink.
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What is Isotonicity? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Solutions have the same osmolarity, no movement into or out of the cell.
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What is Hypotonicity? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Solutions have low ECF osmolarity. Water moves into the cell, causing
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swelling and potential bursting.
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What is active transport? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Utilizes energy to move substance against the concentration gradient
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lower to higher concentration.
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Depends on a few factors: ATP, membrane proteins, concentration of molecules, and membrane potentials.
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What is bulk transport? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - The movement of large molecules by way of vesicles.
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What is endocytosis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Transports materials into the cell
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What is phagocytosis & pinocytosis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - phagocytosis brings in solids (cell eating) and pinocytosis
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brings in liquids (cell drinking).
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What is exocytosis? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - The transportation of materials out of the cell.
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What is intracellular and extracellular fluid? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Intra - Known as cytosol, more gel like than ECF
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Extra - Sometimes called "tissue fluid", includes plasma.
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What is voltage? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Any difference in electrical charge (+) or (-).
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The uneven distribution of ions across the membrane is controlled by protein pumps and leak channels. Resulting in mo
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(+) ions outside, and more (-) ions inside the cell.
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What is the resting membrane potential value? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - RMP = -70mV
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sodium-potassium pump - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Moves 3 sodium ions out & 2 potassium ions into the cell. by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by by




Creates a (-) charge in the cell. by by by by by by




Muscle and nervous system rely on it. by by by by by by




Explain Depolarization and Repolarization - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Depolar - Na+ channels open and Na+ enters cell
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making it more positive.
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Repolar - Na+ channels close, K+ channels open, K+ rushes out of the cell by by by by by by by by by by by by by




What are organelles? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Tiny organized structures that perform functions within our cells.
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What are the membranous organelles? - Correct Answer ✔✔ - They are covered with lipid membrane.
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Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Smooth and Rough ER, and Golgi complex. by by by by by by by by by by




Describe the function of the nucleus - Correct Answer ✔✔ - Genetic control center. Directs protein synthesis. Stores
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DNA. Site of DNA replication and transcription.
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Describe the function of the rough and smooth ER - Correct Answer ✔✔ - ROUGH ER - Site of protein AND lipid
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synthesis.
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