BASICS OF
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Course 17581 – Bachelor´s in Management and Technology
Fernando Alfayate Fernandez
2022/2023
,Tabla de contenido
1. INTRO TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS .........................................................................................4
1.1 COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................4
1.2 TYPES OF DATA .......................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 ANALOGUE DATA vs DIGITAL DATA.....................................................................................................................................4
1.3 DATABASE ...............................................................................................................................................................................4
1.4 DATA VS INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................................................5
1.5 CHARACTER STRING................................................................................................................................................................5
1.6 NUMERIC DATA TYPES............................................................................................................................................................5
1.7 BOOLEAN DATA ......................................................................................................................................................................5
1.8 BINARY NUMBERS ..................................................................................................................................................................5
1.9 BYTE ........................................................................................................................................................................................6
2. COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS ...........................................................................................7
2.1 MAIN CONCEPTS.....................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 MAIN COMPONENTS ..............................................................................................................................................................7
2.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ...................................................................................................................................................7
2.4 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY ...................................................................................................................................................7
2.5 DATABASE MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................................................................8
2.6 TELECOMUNICATION SYSTEMS ..............................................................................................................................................8
2.6.1 COMPUTER NETWORK ........................................................................................................................................................8
3. INFORMATION SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT ..........................................................................10
3.1 WHAT IS E-COMMERCE? ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3 CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C) ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.4 E-GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.5 ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.6 ADVANTAGES OF M-COMMERCE ..................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 E – COMMERCE & M – COMMERCE: BUYING AND SELLING ON WEB AND MOBILE DEVICES ........................................... 11
3.2.1 WHAT IS BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE? .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.2 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.3 ONLINE ANALYITICAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: OVERVIEW AND IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 11
3.3.1 TYPES OF PROCESSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.2 IMPACT TO ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 INFO SYSTEMS: ROLES, GLOBAL ISSUES & EMERGING TRENDS .......................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 COMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.2 INFORMATION PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.3 DECISION MAKING ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.4 INVENTORY ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4. VIRTUALIZATION AND DATA SERVICES ..................................................................................................14
4.1 VIRTUALIZATION: DEFINITION & BENEFITS ................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 HISTORY OF VIRTUALIZATION: OVERVIEW AND TIMELINE ........................................................................................... 14
4.3 WHAT IS DATA CENTRE VIRTUALIZATION? ................................................................................................................... 15
5. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS – PART 1) .............................................16
5.1 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.1 BATCH vs REAL TIME PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.2 TYPES OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 16
5.1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF TPS.......................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 APPLICATIONS & EXAMPLES OF TPS.............................................................................................................................. 17
5.3 ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS................................................................................................ 17
, An enterprise software is a central system that ensures information is shared across al functional areas and
levels of management within an organization. ................................................................................................................... 17
6. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS – PART 2) .............................................19
6.1 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING: USING ERP TO INTEGRATE BUSINESSES PROCESSES ........................................... 19
6.2 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT: USING CRM TO FOCUS ON CUSTOMERS ................................................ 19
6.2.1 TYPES OF CRM SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................... 20
7. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS) – PART 3 .............................................21
7.1 JUST IN TIME INVENTORY .............................................................................................................................................. 21
8.1.1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF JIT ......................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS ACCOUNTING ........................................................................................ 22
7.2.1 KEY MODULES OF ERP ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE ............................................................................................................ 22
7.2.2 KEY MODULES OF ERP FINANCE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 22
7.3 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: DEFINITION & TOOLS ........................................................................................ 23
7.3.1 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES .................................................................................................... 23
7.3.2 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ................................................................................................... 23
7.4 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGAMENT IN THE BUSINESS ......................................................................................................... 23
7.4.1 TYPES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MODELS............................................................................................................................. 23
8. ELECTRONIC & MOBILE COMMERCE (PART – 1) ..................................................................................... 25
8.1 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. ................................................................ 25
8.1.1 E-COMMERCE ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
8.1.2 BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE....................................................................................................................................... 25
8.2 BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. .................................................................... 26
8.2.1 TYPES OF B2B TRANSACTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 26
8.2.2 B2B IS CONDUCTED VIA DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF WEBSITES .............................................................................. 26
8.2.3 BENEFITS OF B2B ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
8.3 CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. ............................................................. 27
8.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF C2C ................................................................................................................................................ 27
8.3.2 DIASDVANTAGES OF C2C ........................................................................................................................................... 27
8.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF C2C FOR BUYERS ........................................................................................................................... 27
8.3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF C2C FOR BUYERS...................................................................................................................... 27
9. ELECTRONIC & MOBILE COMMERCE (PART – 2) ..................................................................................... 28
9.1 WEB APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 28
9.1.1 TYPES OF WEB APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 28
9.2 CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................ 29
9.2.1 USES OF CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................. 29
9.2.2 HOW TO DO CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS? ..................................................................................................................... 29
9.2.3 HOW TO COLLECT DATA FOR CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS? .......................................................................................... 29
9.3 E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 29
9.3.1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
9.3.2 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................. 30
9.3.3 FOCUS POINTS FOR WEB INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY ........................................................................................... 30
9.3.4 ASPECTS OF E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................................................................................... 30
9.3.5 BUSINESS & FUNCTIONAL PLANNING ....................................................................................................................... 30
10. DECISION MAKING & SPECIALIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (PART – 1).................................................. 31
10.1 DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 31
10.1.1 PROGRAMMED vs NON-PROGRAMMED DECISIONS ................................................................................................ 31
10.1.2 OPTIMIZATION, SATISFICING AND HEURISTIC APPROACHES.................................................................................... 31
10.1.3 BENEFITS & DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS ............................................ 32
10.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) ............................................................................................................ 32
10.2.1 INPUTS & OUTPUTS TO A MIS ................................................................................................................................... 32
10.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS ......................................................................................................................................... 32
, 10.2.3 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF MIS .................................................................................................................................. 32
10.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) .............................................................................................................................. 34
11. DECISION MAKING & SPECIALIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (PART – 2).................................................. 35
11.1 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: CAPTURE, STORE & SHARE INFORMATION WITH KM.................................................. 35
11.1.1 KNOWLEDGE CREATION ............................................................................................................................................ 35
11.1.2 KNOWLEDGE STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 35
11.1.3 KNOWLEDGE SHARING .............................................................................................................................................. 35
11.1.4 KNOWLEDGE USAGE.................................................................................................................................................. 35
11.2 USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS ......................................... 35
11.2.1 TYPES OF AI ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
11.2.2 KNOWLEDGE BASE..................................................................................................................................................... 36
11.3 USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS ......................................... 36
11.3.1 IMPACT OF VIRTUAL REALITY .................................................................................................................................... 37
11.4 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 37
11.4.1 HOW DOES GIS WORK? ............................................................................................................................................. 37
11.4.2 GIS CAN BE USED IN DIFFERENT FIELDS .................................................................................................................... 37
12. PERSONAL & SOCIAL IMPACT OF COMPUTERS (PART – 1) ......................................................................39
12.1 IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON WORK ENVIRONMENTS AND PRIVACY ........................................................................... 39
12.1.1 PRIVACY ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
12.1.2 TECHNOLOGIES THAT HELP PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY .............................................................................................. 39
12.2 CYBERCRIME .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
12.2.1 DDoS ATTACKS ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.2 BOTNETS .................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.3 PHISING...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.4 CYBERSTALKING ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.5 SOCIAL ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................................................ 41
12.2.6 POTENTIALLY UNWANTED PROGRAMS .................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.7 THEFT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.8 EXPLOIT KITS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
12.2.9 ONLINE SCAMS .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.10 PROHIBITED/ILLEGAL CONTENT ............................................................................................................................ 41
12.3 CYBERTERRORISM ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
13. PERSONAL & SOCIAL IMPACT OF COMPUTERS (PART – 2) ......................................................................42
13.1 MALWARE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
13.1.1 MALWARE TYPES ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
13.1.2 ANTI-MALWARE STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................................... 42
13.2 SECURITY MANAGEMENT.............................................................................................................................................. 42
13.2.1 THREATS TO SECURITY MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................... 42
13.2.2 CYBER-SECURITY DEFENSES....................................................................................................................................... 43
13.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: ISSUES AND CONCERNS .................................................. 43
13.3.1 COPYRIGHT EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS ..................................................................................................................................... 43
13.3.2 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE............................................................................................................................................. 44
13.4 ETHICAL ISSUES IN MANAGING TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS ........................................................................................ 44
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES
Course 17581 – Bachelor´s in Management and Technology
Fernando Alfayate Fernandez
2022/2023
,Tabla de contenido
1. INTRO TO BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS .........................................................................................4
1.1 COMPONENTS OF AN INFORMATION SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................4
1.2 TYPES OF DATA .......................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.1 ANALOGUE DATA vs DIGITAL DATA.....................................................................................................................................4
1.3 DATABASE ...............................................................................................................................................................................4
1.4 DATA VS INFORMATION .........................................................................................................................................................5
1.5 CHARACTER STRING................................................................................................................................................................5
1.6 NUMERIC DATA TYPES............................................................................................................................................................5
1.7 BOOLEAN DATA ......................................................................................................................................................................5
1.8 BINARY NUMBERS ..................................................................................................................................................................5
1.9 BYTE ........................................................................................................................................................................................6
2. COMPUTER BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS ...........................................................................................7
2.1 MAIN CONCEPTS.....................................................................................................................................................................7
2.2 MAIN COMPONENTS ..............................................................................................................................................................7
2.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT ...................................................................................................................................................7
2.4 RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY ...................................................................................................................................................7
2.5 DATABASE MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................................................................8
2.6 TELECOMUNICATION SYSTEMS ..............................................................................................................................................8
2.6.1 COMPUTER NETWORK ........................................................................................................................................................8
3. INFORMATION SYSTEMS: APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT ..........................................................................10
3.1 WHAT IS E-COMMERCE? ..................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) ....................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3 CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C) ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.4 E-GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.5 ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.6 ADVANTAGES OF M-COMMERCE ..................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2 E – COMMERCE & M – COMMERCE: BUYING AND SELLING ON WEB AND MOBILE DEVICES ........................................... 11
3.2.1 WHAT IS BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE? .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.2.2 PREDICTIVE ANALYTICS .................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.3 ONLINE ANALYITICAL PROCESSING .................................................................................................................................. 11
3.3 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS: OVERVIEW AND IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 11
3.3.1 TYPES OF PROCESSES ........................................................................................................................................................ 12
3.3.2 IMPACT TO ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 INFO SYSTEMS: ROLES, GLOBAL ISSUES & EMERGING TRENDS .......................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 COMMUNICATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.2 INFORMATION PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.3 DECISION MAKING ............................................................................................................................................................ 13
3.4.4 INVENTORY ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13
4. VIRTUALIZATION AND DATA SERVICES ..................................................................................................14
4.1 VIRTUALIZATION: DEFINITION & BENEFITS ................................................................................................................... 14
4.2 HISTORY OF VIRTUALIZATION: OVERVIEW AND TIMELINE ........................................................................................... 14
4.3 WHAT IS DATA CENTRE VIRTUALIZATION? ................................................................................................................... 15
5. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS – PART 1) .............................................16
5.1 TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM ............................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.1 BATCH vs REAL TIME PROCESSING ............................................................................................................................ 16
5.1.2 TYPES OF TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................... 16
5.1.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF TPS.......................................................................................................................................... 17
5.2 APPLICATIONS & EXAMPLES OF TPS.............................................................................................................................. 17
5.3 ENTERPRISE SOFTWARE FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS................................................................................................ 17
, An enterprise software is a central system that ensures information is shared across al functional areas and
levels of management within an organization. ................................................................................................................... 17
6. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS – PART 2) .............................................19
6.1 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING: USING ERP TO INTEGRATE BUSINESSES PROCESSES ........................................... 19
6.2 CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT: USING CRM TO FOCUS ON CUSTOMERS ................................................ 19
6.2.1 TYPES OF CRM SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................... 20
7. BUSINESS INFO SYSTEMS (ENTERPRISE SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS) – PART 3 .............................................21
7.1 JUST IN TIME INVENTORY .............................................................................................................................................. 21
8.1.1 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF JIT ......................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING SYSTEMS ACCOUNTING ........................................................................................ 22
7.2.1 KEY MODULES OF ERP ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE ............................................................................................................ 22
7.2.2 KEY MODULES OF ERP FINANCE SYSTEM ......................................................................................................................... 22
7.3 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: DEFINITION & TOOLS ........................................................................................ 23
7.3.1 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES .................................................................................................... 23
7.3.2 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ................................................................................................... 23
7.4 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGAMENT IN THE BUSINESS ......................................................................................................... 23
7.4.1 TYPES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MODELS............................................................................................................................. 23
8. ELECTRONIC & MOBILE COMMERCE (PART – 1) ..................................................................................... 25
8.1 BUSINESS TO CONSUMER (B2C) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. ................................................................ 25
8.1.1 E-COMMERCE ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
8.1.2 BENEFITS OF E-COMMERCE....................................................................................................................................... 25
8.2 BUSINESS TO BUSINESS (B2B) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. .................................................................... 26
8.2.1 TYPES OF B2B TRANSACTIONS .................................................................................................................................. 26
8.2.2 B2B IS CONDUCTED VIA DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF WEBSITES .............................................................................. 26
8.2.3 BENEFITS OF B2B ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
8.3 CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C) E-COMMERCE. DEFINITION & EXAMPLES. ............................................................. 27
8.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF C2C ................................................................................................................................................ 27
8.3.2 DIASDVANTAGES OF C2C ........................................................................................................................................... 27
8.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF C2C FOR BUYERS ........................................................................................................................... 27
8.3.4 DISADVANTAGES OF C2C FOR BUYERS...................................................................................................................... 27
9. ELECTRONIC & MOBILE COMMERCE (PART – 2) ..................................................................................... 28
9.1 WEB APPLICATIONS IN BUSINESS INFORMATION SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 28
9.1.1 TYPES OF WEB APPLICATIONS ................................................................................................................................... 28
9.2 CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................ 29
9.2.1 USES OF CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS.............................................................................................................................. 29
9.2.2 HOW TO DO CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS? ..................................................................................................................... 29
9.2.3 HOW TO COLLECT DATA FOR CLICKSTREAM ANALYSIS? .......................................................................................... 29
9.3 E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 29
9.3.1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
9.3.2 CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE ................................................................................. 30
9.3.3 FOCUS POINTS FOR WEB INFRASTRUCTURE STRATEGY ........................................................................................... 30
9.3.4 ASPECTS OF E-COMMERCE INFRASTRUCTURE.......................................................................................................... 30
9.3.5 BUSINESS & FUNCTIONAL PLANNING ....................................................................................................................... 30
10. DECISION MAKING & SPECIALIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (PART – 1).................................................. 31
10.1 DECISION MAKING IN ORGANIZATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 31
10.1.1 PROGRAMMED vs NON-PROGRAMMED DECISIONS ................................................................................................ 31
10.1.2 OPTIMIZATION, SATISFICING AND HEURISTIC APPROACHES.................................................................................... 31
10.1.3 BENEFITS & DISADVANTAGES OF INFORMATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS ............................................ 32
10.2 MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS (MIS) ............................................................................................................ 32
10.2.1 INPUTS & OUTPUTS TO A MIS ................................................................................................................................... 32
10.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MIS ......................................................................................................................................... 32
, 10.2.3 FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF MIS .................................................................................................................................. 32
10.3 DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS (DSS) .............................................................................................................................. 34
11. DECISION MAKING & SPECIALIZED INFORMATION SYSTEMS (PART – 2).................................................. 35
11.1 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT: CAPTURE, STORE & SHARE INFORMATION WITH KM.................................................. 35
11.1.1 KNOWLEDGE CREATION ............................................................................................................................................ 35
11.1.2 KNOWLEDGE STORAGE ............................................................................................................................................. 35
11.1.3 KNOWLEDGE SHARING .............................................................................................................................................. 35
11.1.4 KNOWLEDGE USAGE.................................................................................................................................................. 35
11.2 USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS ......................................... 35
11.2.1 TYPES OF AI ................................................................................................................................................................ 35
11.2.2 KNOWLEDGE BASE..................................................................................................................................................... 36
11.3 USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND EXPERT SYSTEMS TO SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS ......................................... 36
11.3.1 IMPACT OF VIRTUAL REALITY .................................................................................................................................... 37
11.4 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................... 37
11.4.1 HOW DOES GIS WORK? ............................................................................................................................................. 37
11.4.2 GIS CAN BE USED IN DIFFERENT FIELDS .................................................................................................................... 37
12. PERSONAL & SOCIAL IMPACT OF COMPUTERS (PART – 1) ......................................................................39
12.1 IMPACT OF COMPUTERS ON WORK ENVIRONMENTS AND PRIVACY ........................................................................... 39
12.1.1 PRIVACY ..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
12.1.2 TECHNOLOGIES THAT HELP PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY .............................................................................................. 39
12.2 CYBERCRIME .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
12.2.1 DDoS ATTACKS ........................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.2 BOTNETS .................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.3 PHISING...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
12.2.4 CYBERSTALKING ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.5 SOCIAL ENGINEERING ................................................................................................................................................ 41
12.2.6 POTENTIALLY UNWANTED PROGRAMS .................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.7 THEFT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.8 EXPLOIT KITS .............................................................................................................................................................. 41
12.2.9 ONLINE SCAMS .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
12.2.10 PROHIBITED/ILLEGAL CONTENT ............................................................................................................................ 41
12.3 CYBERTERRORISM ......................................................................................................................................................... 41
13. PERSONAL & SOCIAL IMPACT OF COMPUTERS (PART – 2) ......................................................................42
13.1 MALWARE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
13.1.1 MALWARE TYPES ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
13.1.2 ANTI-MALWARE STRATEGIES .................................................................................................................................... 42
13.2 SECURITY MANAGEMENT.............................................................................................................................................. 42
13.2.1 THREATS TO SECURITY MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................... 42
13.2.2 CYBER-SECURITY DEFENSES....................................................................................................................................... 43
13.3 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE: ISSUES AND CONCERNS .................................................. 43
13.3.1 COPYRIGHT EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS ..................................................................................................................................... 43
13.3.2 OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE............................................................................................................................................. 44
13.4 ETHICAL ISSUES IN MANAGING TECHNOLOGY IN BUSINESS ........................................................................................ 44
