©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
07/11/2024 12:15
EAS379 Final Study Guide Exam
Questions And Answers
Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) - answers✔✔Chinese dynasty established by Kublai Khan and
the Mongols that preceded the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was notable for its strong military
leadership and incorporation of other cultures and peoples, though they kept a lot of non-
Chinese in high official changes. Environmental changes like the little ice age and the flip of
the Yellow River's course led to famine and disease that likely contributed to the dynasty's
fall.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) - answers✔✔Chinese Han dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang
(Hongwu Emperor). During this period the civil service system was perfected, and the court
came to rely heavily upon eunuchs, leading to increased factionalism.
Ming Military Revolution - answers✔✔The Ming was a gunpowder empire that used guns
and cannons in military combat.
Zheng He Expeditions (1405-1433) - answers✔✔A series of seven naval expeditions led by
Zheng He that used huge treasure ships to bring back curiosities and ambassadors from
foreign lands. The expeditions were not for exploration or necessarily for trade but were more
like an extension of the tribute system.
Maritime Prohibition - answers✔✔An isolationist policy that existed before and after Zheng
He that prohibited maritime travel and trade.
Silver Famine - answers✔✔A decline in silver trade from the West. The Ming Dynasty
consumed a lot of silver, but unlikely to be a proximate cause of the fall of the Ming because
the Chinese economy was strong during this period.
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07/11/2024 12:15
The Seventeenth Century Crisis - answers✔✔A climate crisis in which crops failures
abounded throughout the northern hemisphere and there were wars and political crises
throughout the world. Temperatures rose during this period and drought became rampant.
The Rise of the Manchus - answers✔✔The rise of the Manchus occurred due to Nurhaci and
his son, Hong Taiji. They were able to unify the Jurchen tribes under the khan (Nurhaci) and
initiate a process of war with the Ming that would lead to the establishment of the Qing
dynasty.
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) - answers✔✔A 12th to 13th century dynasty in which the Jurchen
peoples ruled over northern China.
Latter Jin Dynasty (1616) - answers✔✔Nurhaci unified the tribes and was elected khan in
1616. The process of war with the Ming led to the declaration of the Latter Jin dynasty that
would later become the Qing dynasty.
Battle of Ningyuan (1626) - answers✔✔A battle that involved the use of Western-style
cannons as part of the Ming defense and that resulted in the death of Nurhaci. His death then
triggered a power struggle because khanates are not passed to a single heir and are instead
split amongst sons.
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) - answers✔✔There were four stages of the Qing dynasty:
(1) ~1616-1644, state formation in Manchuria and Central Asia that was initiated by Nurhaci
- answers✔✔
(2) 1644-1722, early Qing period of consolidation - answers✔✔
(3) 1700s, high Qing period of prosperity under the Kang-Qian period of fluorescence -
answers✔✔
(4) ~1800-1911, late Qing period in which internal and external wars shake China -
answers✔✔
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07/11/2024 12:15
Fall of Beijing (1644) - answers✔✔Li Zicheng led his bandit-army into Beijing and
destroyed the ancestral tombs. He was met with little to no defense and was able to easily
take Beijing.
Suicide of Chongzhen Emperor (1644) - answers✔✔After seeing Li Zicheng's destruction of
the ancestral tombs and the subsequent lack of response from his court, the Chongzhen
emperor hung himself - bringing an end to the Ming dynasty.
Battle of Shanhaiguan (1644) - answers✔✔A battle involving the Ming general Wu Sangui
who was trapped between the Manchus and the forces of Li Zicheng. He eventually decided
that he would ally with the Manchus against Li Zicheng and worked with the Manchus to
place the Shunzhi emperor on the throne.
Zheng Chenggong Attacks Nanjing (1659) - answers✔✔Zheng Chenggong attacked Nanjing
as the protector of the Ming Fuzhou court, but ended up retreating back to Xiamen.
Zheng Chenggong Attacks Taiwan (1661) - answers✔✔After facing pressure from Qing
forces, Zheng Chenggong attacks Taiwan (then a Dutch colony) in order to create a haven for
his armies.
Dutch Surrender Taiwan (Feb 1662) - answers✔✔The Dutch surrender their hold on Taiwan
at Fort Zeelandia after being besieged by Zheng Chenggong's forces.
Zheng State on Taiwan (1662-1683) - answers✔✔The administration of Taiwan under the
rule of the Zheng family
Qing Capture Taiwan (1683) - answers✔✔The Qing captured Taiwan from the Zheng state
for fear that it would be taken by Europe or Japan as a colony.
Zeng Jing Incident - answers✔✔Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful scholar influenced by the
writings of Lu Liuliang, tried to stir rebellion in the Qing empire by sending a letter to Yue
Zhongqi. The imperial response of the Yongzheng emperor was to order the exhumation and
dismemberment of Lu's corpse and the enslavement or exile of all his surviving family
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
07/11/2024 12:15
members, to write and angry and detailed rebuttal, and to make a dramatic gesture of
pardoning Zeng with no more than a reprimand on the grounds that he had been young and
gullible.
Kangxi Freezes Taxation Population Measure (1712) - answers✔✔Kangxi emperor's
declaration that from then on the number of taxpaying adults should be perpetually fixed at
the present level for head-tax purposes, permanently exempting the balance of future
population growth from taxation.
Protectorate of Tibet (1751) - answers✔✔The Chinese empire gained the protectorate of
Tibet in 1751 during the Qianlong emperor's rule. He became very involved with Buddhism.
Conquest of Xinjiang (1760) - answers✔✔The Qianlong emperor was able to complete a
conquest of Xinjiang in the west and expand the empire's borders.
The Great Qing Peace (~1760-1839) - answers✔✔A period of relative peace in which the
Qing had fewer wars, likely because it was the largest and most powerful empire that no one
wanted to go to war against.
Population Doubles (18th Century) - answers✔✔During the Qianlong emperor's reign, the
population of China doubles (along with the entire world population), which may not
necessarily be due to modernization during this period.
Macartney Mission (1792-1793) - answers✔✔The first British diplomatic mission to China
led by Lord George Macartney that is widely regarded as being a failed mission. Macartney
traveled to the court of the Qianlong emperor to officially celebrate his birthday, but had
goals of gaining access to more cities, attaining a 'base' of operations in China (like Portugal
had with Macau), create demand for British products, and establish a permanent embassy in
Beijing. The mission failed to reach any of those goals and the mission was plagued with the
kowtow issue.
Letter from Qianlong to George III (1793) - answers✔✔The letter from the Qianlong
emperor basically states that he will not be fulfilling any of the Macartney mission's requests.
07/11/2024 12:15
EAS379 Final Study Guide Exam
Questions And Answers
Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) - answers✔✔Chinese dynasty established by Kublai Khan and
the Mongols that preceded the Ming dynasty. The dynasty was notable for its strong military
leadership and incorporation of other cultures and peoples, though they kept a lot of non-
Chinese in high official changes. Environmental changes like the little ice age and the flip of
the Yellow River's course led to famine and disease that likely contributed to the dynasty's
fall.
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) - answers✔✔Chinese Han dynasty founded by Zhu Yuanzhang
(Hongwu Emperor). During this period the civil service system was perfected, and the court
came to rely heavily upon eunuchs, leading to increased factionalism.
Ming Military Revolution - answers✔✔The Ming was a gunpowder empire that used guns
and cannons in military combat.
Zheng He Expeditions (1405-1433) - answers✔✔A series of seven naval expeditions led by
Zheng He that used huge treasure ships to bring back curiosities and ambassadors from
foreign lands. The expeditions were not for exploration or necessarily for trade but were more
like an extension of the tribute system.
Maritime Prohibition - answers✔✔An isolationist policy that existed before and after Zheng
He that prohibited maritime travel and trade.
Silver Famine - answers✔✔A decline in silver trade from the West. The Ming Dynasty
consumed a lot of silver, but unlikely to be a proximate cause of the fall of the Ming because
the Chinese economy was strong during this period.
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
07/11/2024 12:15
The Seventeenth Century Crisis - answers✔✔A climate crisis in which crops failures
abounded throughout the northern hemisphere and there were wars and political crises
throughout the world. Temperatures rose during this period and drought became rampant.
The Rise of the Manchus - answers✔✔The rise of the Manchus occurred due to Nurhaci and
his son, Hong Taiji. They were able to unify the Jurchen tribes under the khan (Nurhaci) and
initiate a process of war with the Ming that would lead to the establishment of the Qing
dynasty.
Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) - answers✔✔A 12th to 13th century dynasty in which the Jurchen
peoples ruled over northern China.
Latter Jin Dynasty (1616) - answers✔✔Nurhaci unified the tribes and was elected khan in
1616. The process of war with the Ming led to the declaration of the Latter Jin dynasty that
would later become the Qing dynasty.
Battle of Ningyuan (1626) - answers✔✔A battle that involved the use of Western-style
cannons as part of the Ming defense and that resulted in the death of Nurhaci. His death then
triggered a power struggle because khanates are not passed to a single heir and are instead
split amongst sons.
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) - answers✔✔There were four stages of the Qing dynasty:
(1) ~1616-1644, state formation in Manchuria and Central Asia that was initiated by Nurhaci
- answers✔✔
(2) 1644-1722, early Qing period of consolidation - answers✔✔
(3) 1700s, high Qing period of prosperity under the Kang-Qian period of fluorescence -
answers✔✔
(4) ~1800-1911, late Qing period in which internal and external wars shake China -
answers✔✔
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
07/11/2024 12:15
Fall of Beijing (1644) - answers✔✔Li Zicheng led his bandit-army into Beijing and
destroyed the ancestral tombs. He was met with little to no defense and was able to easily
take Beijing.
Suicide of Chongzhen Emperor (1644) - answers✔✔After seeing Li Zicheng's destruction of
the ancestral tombs and the subsequent lack of response from his court, the Chongzhen
emperor hung himself - bringing an end to the Ming dynasty.
Battle of Shanhaiguan (1644) - answers✔✔A battle involving the Ming general Wu Sangui
who was trapped between the Manchus and the forces of Li Zicheng. He eventually decided
that he would ally with the Manchus against Li Zicheng and worked with the Manchus to
place the Shunzhi emperor on the throne.
Zheng Chenggong Attacks Nanjing (1659) - answers✔✔Zheng Chenggong attacked Nanjing
as the protector of the Ming Fuzhou court, but ended up retreating back to Xiamen.
Zheng Chenggong Attacks Taiwan (1661) - answers✔✔After facing pressure from Qing
forces, Zheng Chenggong attacks Taiwan (then a Dutch colony) in order to create a haven for
his armies.
Dutch Surrender Taiwan (Feb 1662) - answers✔✔The Dutch surrender their hold on Taiwan
at Fort Zeelandia after being besieged by Zheng Chenggong's forces.
Zheng State on Taiwan (1662-1683) - answers✔✔The administration of Taiwan under the
rule of the Zheng family
Qing Capture Taiwan (1683) - answers✔✔The Qing captured Taiwan from the Zheng state
for fear that it would be taken by Europe or Japan as a colony.
Zeng Jing Incident - answers✔✔Zeng Jing, an unsuccessful scholar influenced by the
writings of Lu Liuliang, tried to stir rebellion in the Qing empire by sending a letter to Yue
Zhongqi. The imperial response of the Yongzheng emperor was to order the exhumation and
dismemberment of Lu's corpse and the enslavement or exile of all his surviving family
, ©JUSTTRACY EXAM SOLUTIONS
07/11/2024 12:15
members, to write and angry and detailed rebuttal, and to make a dramatic gesture of
pardoning Zeng with no more than a reprimand on the grounds that he had been young and
gullible.
Kangxi Freezes Taxation Population Measure (1712) - answers✔✔Kangxi emperor's
declaration that from then on the number of taxpaying adults should be perpetually fixed at
the present level for head-tax purposes, permanently exempting the balance of future
population growth from taxation.
Protectorate of Tibet (1751) - answers✔✔The Chinese empire gained the protectorate of
Tibet in 1751 during the Qianlong emperor's rule. He became very involved with Buddhism.
Conquest of Xinjiang (1760) - answers✔✔The Qianlong emperor was able to complete a
conquest of Xinjiang in the west and expand the empire's borders.
The Great Qing Peace (~1760-1839) - answers✔✔A period of relative peace in which the
Qing had fewer wars, likely because it was the largest and most powerful empire that no one
wanted to go to war against.
Population Doubles (18th Century) - answers✔✔During the Qianlong emperor's reign, the
population of China doubles (along with the entire world population), which may not
necessarily be due to modernization during this period.
Macartney Mission (1792-1793) - answers✔✔The first British diplomatic mission to China
led by Lord George Macartney that is widely regarded as being a failed mission. Macartney
traveled to the court of the Qianlong emperor to officially celebrate his birthday, but had
goals of gaining access to more cities, attaining a 'base' of operations in China (like Portugal
had with Macau), create demand for British products, and establish a permanent embassy in
Beijing. The mission failed to reach any of those goals and the mission was plagued with the
kowtow issue.
Letter from Qianlong to George III (1793) - answers✔✔The letter from the Qianlong
emperor basically states that he will not be fulfilling any of the Macartney mission's requests.
