Lifespan Development Exam (Ch.1-
19)100% Accurate!!
Theory - ANSWERS-Orderly integrated set of statements found through numerous studies
- widely accepted among scientific community
-describes, predicts, & explains behavior
Continuous vs. Discontinuous - ANSWERSGradual vs. abrupt stages
Universality vs. Context Specificity - ANSWERS-similar from person to person and from culture to culture
vs.
-vary considerably depending on the social context?
Age-graded influences - ANSWERSRelated to age, predictable, milestones
History-graded influences - ANSWERS-ex. wars, epidemics, technology
-Cohort= tend to be alike, set apart from other groups
Non-normative influences - ANSWERS• Events that are irregular; unpredictable
Resilience/risk - ANSWERS• Ability to adapt effectively in face of threats to development
• Close relation w/ parent, community supports, etc.
Normative approach - ANSWERS• Measures of behavior taken on large # of individuals
• Age-related averages=typical
,• Elaborate questionnaires
Psychoanalytic perspective - ANSWERS• Series of stages, conflict b/w biology & social norms, determines
ability to learn, get along w/ others, cope w/ anxiety
Erikson's psychosocial theory - ANSWERSA set of principles that relates social & cultural environment to
personality & emotional development
Behaviorism/Learning Theory - ANSWERS• Directly observable events
• Watson=Albert
• Classical, operant conditioning
-Pavlov
sensorimotor - ANSWERSbirth-2, thought primarily based in action
preoperational - ANSWERS2-7, thought becomes symbolic
concrete operational - ANSWERS7-11, logic can be applied in specific contexts
formal operational - ANSWERS11+, thought is abstract & hypothetical
Information processing - ANSWERS-Human mind viewed as symbol-manipulating system through which
info flows (computer)
-Input then output (behavioral response)
-cognition
Developmental neuroscience - ANSWERS• Brings together psych, bio, & neurosci, Meds
• Relation b/w change in brain and developing person's cog processing and behavior patterns
• Electrical-recoding and imaging technique
,Ethology - ANSWERS• adaptive/survival value of behavior & evolutionary history
• Konrad Lorenz & Niki Tinbergen
• Imprinting
• Critical period
• Sensitive period
-NOT about development
Evolutionary development - ANSWERS-adaptive/survival as change w/ age
-FOCUSES on developmental aspect
classical conditioning - ANSWERSstimulus-response relationships, ex. Pavlov's dogs
operant conditioning - ANSWERSreward or punishment for behavior ex. high five
Social learning theory - ANSWERS• Albert Bandura
• modeling/imitation/observational learning
• Important in development
• Gradually more selective in imitation
• Towards personal standards, self-efficacy
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory - ANSWERS-Children construct knowledge as they manipulate
& explore world
-Adaptation of schemes
-active construction of knowledge influenced by particular stage
-want equilibrium
- same sequence for everyone
, Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory - ANSWERS-focuses on culture & social interaction contribute to learning
and development
-Stagewise changes
- socially mediated/generations
Brofenbrenner's Ecological systems theory - ANSWERS-Urie Bronfenbrenner
-person=developing w/in complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding
enviro
-bidirectional, interdependent effects
Microsystem - ANSWERS• Innermost
• people, groups, & institutions that most immediately & directly impact developing person
Mesosystem - ANSWERS-Encompasses connections b/w microsystems
-ex. Academics depends on school and parents
Exosystem - ANSWERS-Social settings w/o person but affect
-ex. Paid maternity leave helps parent, child
Macrosystem - ANSWERS-Cultural values, laws, customs, resources
-Depend on country
Chronosystem - ANSWERS-the temporal dimension-dynamic ever-changing nature of person or changes
in socio-historical circumstances over time
Naturalistic observation - ANSWERS· Go into field/natural environment and record behavior of interest;
no manipulation
· Limit: not all same
19)100% Accurate!!
Theory - ANSWERS-Orderly integrated set of statements found through numerous studies
- widely accepted among scientific community
-describes, predicts, & explains behavior
Continuous vs. Discontinuous - ANSWERSGradual vs. abrupt stages
Universality vs. Context Specificity - ANSWERS-similar from person to person and from culture to culture
vs.
-vary considerably depending on the social context?
Age-graded influences - ANSWERSRelated to age, predictable, milestones
History-graded influences - ANSWERS-ex. wars, epidemics, technology
-Cohort= tend to be alike, set apart from other groups
Non-normative influences - ANSWERS• Events that are irregular; unpredictable
Resilience/risk - ANSWERS• Ability to adapt effectively in face of threats to development
• Close relation w/ parent, community supports, etc.
Normative approach - ANSWERS• Measures of behavior taken on large # of individuals
• Age-related averages=typical
,• Elaborate questionnaires
Psychoanalytic perspective - ANSWERS• Series of stages, conflict b/w biology & social norms, determines
ability to learn, get along w/ others, cope w/ anxiety
Erikson's psychosocial theory - ANSWERSA set of principles that relates social & cultural environment to
personality & emotional development
Behaviorism/Learning Theory - ANSWERS• Directly observable events
• Watson=Albert
• Classical, operant conditioning
-Pavlov
sensorimotor - ANSWERSbirth-2, thought primarily based in action
preoperational - ANSWERS2-7, thought becomes symbolic
concrete operational - ANSWERS7-11, logic can be applied in specific contexts
formal operational - ANSWERS11+, thought is abstract & hypothetical
Information processing - ANSWERS-Human mind viewed as symbol-manipulating system through which
info flows (computer)
-Input then output (behavioral response)
-cognition
Developmental neuroscience - ANSWERS• Brings together psych, bio, & neurosci, Meds
• Relation b/w change in brain and developing person's cog processing and behavior patterns
• Electrical-recoding and imaging technique
,Ethology - ANSWERS• adaptive/survival value of behavior & evolutionary history
• Konrad Lorenz & Niki Tinbergen
• Imprinting
• Critical period
• Sensitive period
-NOT about development
Evolutionary development - ANSWERS-adaptive/survival as change w/ age
-FOCUSES on developmental aspect
classical conditioning - ANSWERSstimulus-response relationships, ex. Pavlov's dogs
operant conditioning - ANSWERSreward or punishment for behavior ex. high five
Social learning theory - ANSWERS• Albert Bandura
• modeling/imitation/observational learning
• Important in development
• Gradually more selective in imitation
• Towards personal standards, self-efficacy
Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory - ANSWERS-Children construct knowledge as they manipulate
& explore world
-Adaptation of schemes
-active construction of knowledge influenced by particular stage
-want equilibrium
- same sequence for everyone
, Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory - ANSWERS-focuses on culture & social interaction contribute to learning
and development
-Stagewise changes
- socially mediated/generations
Brofenbrenner's Ecological systems theory - ANSWERS-Urie Bronfenbrenner
-person=developing w/in complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of surrounding
enviro
-bidirectional, interdependent effects
Microsystem - ANSWERS• Innermost
• people, groups, & institutions that most immediately & directly impact developing person
Mesosystem - ANSWERS-Encompasses connections b/w microsystems
-ex. Academics depends on school and parents
Exosystem - ANSWERS-Social settings w/o person but affect
-ex. Paid maternity leave helps parent, child
Macrosystem - ANSWERS-Cultural values, laws, customs, resources
-Depend on country
Chronosystem - ANSWERS-the temporal dimension-dynamic ever-changing nature of person or changes
in socio-historical circumstances over time
Naturalistic observation - ANSWERS· Go into field/natural environment and record behavior of interest;
no manipulation
· Limit: not all same
