Echo Board Review with
100% correct answers 2025
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? -
answer Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - answer In the anterior interventricular groove
(sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? - answer
Protects the main coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - answer Right
coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most
likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - answer C. Pulmonary artery
Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view? - answer
Posterior and anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - answer Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - answer Sinuses of Valsalva
,During which phase do the coronaries fill? - answer Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - answer 1. Aortic valve
annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - answer Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
Normal values: LVIDs - answer Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - answer Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - answer <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - answer Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - answer 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what type of
symptoms may be seen? - answer 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - answer 2/3
,What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - answer Vertical long axis
(VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - answer Horizontal long axis
(HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from which
transducer window? - answer Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valves? - answer
Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most often
occur? - answer 1. After the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? - answer Lower
pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? - answer Upper
pulmonary veins.
From the apical 4 chamber view, how do you rotate the transducer to
obtain the Apical LAX? - answer Counterclockwise 120 degrees
Where is the coronary sinus located? - answer Posterior AV groove.
To visualize the coronary sinus in the Apical 4 chamber view you should tilt
the transducer: - answer Posterior
Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus? - answer
Thebesian
, What portion of the pulonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial
systole? - answer a wave
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? - answer 40-45 C
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 0 degrees? - answer ME 4 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 90 degrees? - answer ME 2 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 120 degrees? - answer ME LAX (3CH)
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 60 degrees? - answer ME AV SAX
What is the absolute refractory state? - answer The period when muscle
cells cannot become excitable.
What does the P wave represent? - answer Atrial systole.
What does the PRI represent? - answer Atrial to ventricular
depolarization.
What does the T wave represent? - answer Ventricular diastole
(repolarization).
What is the normal duration for the QRS complex? - answer <0.12sec
What 4 things increase with an increased preload? - answer 1. Volume
2. Contractility
3. Myocardial fiber length
4. Tension
100% correct answers 2025
Which valve separates the areas of greatest pressure differences? -
answer Mitral valve
Where does the LAD lie? - answer In the anterior interventricular groove
(sulcus).
What service does the epicardial fat pad provide for the heart? - answer
Protects the main coronaries.
Which aortic leaflet is the superior one in the PLAX? - answer Right
coronary cusp
From the left parasternal window which of the following are you most
likely to get accurate velocity measurements?
A. LVOT
B. Aortic stenosis
C. Pulmonary artery
D. Mitral regurgitation - answer C. Pulmonary artery
Which tricuspid leaflets are shown in the parasternal RVIF view? - answer
Posterior and anterior
Where is the LAA seen on TTE? - answer Sometimes PSAX AoV level
Usually better in Apical 2
What do the coronary arteries come off of? - answer Sinuses of Valsalva
,During which phase do the coronaries fill? - answer Early diastole
What are the four aortic artery measurements? - answer 1. Aortic valve
annulus
2. Aortic sinuses
3. Aortic sinotubular junction
4. Ascending aorta
Normal values: LVIDd - answer Men: 4.2-5.8cm
Women: 3.8-5.2cm
Normal values: LVIDs - answer Men: 2.4-4cm
Women: 2.2-3.5cm
Normal values: IVSd & LVPWd - answer Men: 0.6-1cm
Women: 0.5-0.9cm
Normal values: LAs area - answer <=20cm^2
Normal values: LAs dimension - answer Men: 3-4cm
Women: 2.7-3.8cm
Normal values: LAs volume - answer 16-34mL
If a patient is younger (<40yo) with anomolous coronaries, what type of
symptoms may be seen? - answer 1. DOE
2. Exercise-induced angina
How much of a cardiac cycle is accounted for by diastole? - answer 2/3
,What is another term for apical 2 chamber? - answer Vertical long axis
(VLA)
What is another term for apical 4 chamber? - answer Horizontal long axis
(HLA)
The best images of the ascending aorta are often obtained from which
transducer window? - answer Suprasternal
What cardiac pathology is associated with bicuspid aortic valves? - answer
Aortic coarctation
What are two ways of describing where aortic coarctations most often
occur? - answer 1. After the take-off of the left subclavian artery
2. Within the aortic isthmus
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 4 chamber? - answer Lower
pulmonary veins.
Which pulmonary veins are seen in the Apical 5 chamber? - answer Upper
pulmonary veins.
From the apical 4 chamber view, how do you rotate the transducer to
obtain the Apical LAX? - answer Counterclockwise 120 degrees
Where is the coronary sinus located? - answer Posterior AV groove.
To visualize the coronary sinus in the Apical 4 chamber view you should tilt
the transducer: - answer Posterior
Which valve sits at the opening of the coronary sinus? - answer
Thebesian
, What portion of the pulonary venous PW Doppler represents atrial
systole? - answer a wave
At what temperature is it unsafe to use a TEE probe? - answer 40-45 C
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 0 degrees? - answer ME 4 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 90 degrees? - answer ME 2 chamber
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 120 degrees? - answer ME LAX (3CH)
What mid-esophageal TEE view is at 60 degrees? - answer ME AV SAX
What is the absolute refractory state? - answer The period when muscle
cells cannot become excitable.
What does the P wave represent? - answer Atrial systole.
What does the PRI represent? - answer Atrial to ventricular
depolarization.
What does the T wave represent? - answer Ventricular diastole
(repolarization).
What is the normal duration for the QRS complex? - answer <0.12sec
What 4 things increase with an increased preload? - answer 1. Volume
2. Contractility
3. Myocardial fiber length
4. Tension
