Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
Necrosis characterized as "coagulative necrosis resembling mummified tissue..." If dead tissue
is infected it can liquefy.... Correct Ans-Gangrenous Necrosis
(if infected-->liquefy-->Wet Gangrene)
**Lower Limb Ischemia**
Necrosis characterized by soft, friable tissue with cottage-cheese like appearance.
Combination of coagulative & Liquefactive....Granulomatous inflammation from TB or Fungi
Correct Ans-Caseous Necrosis
Necrosis characterized by chalky-white appearance due to deposition of
Calcium...characteristic of trauma or pancreatic issues Correct Ans-Fat necrosis
See psammoma bodies, dystrophic calcification on dead fat tissue (psammoma bodies)
Difference between Dystrophic Calcification & Metastatic Calcification Correct Ans-
Dystrophic: Serum Ca++/Phosphate Normal
Metastatic: Serum Ca++/Phosphate HIGH
Necrosis characterized by damage to blood vessel wall, BRIGHT PINK on histo... Correct
Ans-Fibrinoid Necrosis
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
Most common causes of Fibrinoid Necrosis Correct Ans-Malignant HTN, Vasculitis,
FIBRINOID NECROSIS OF THE PLACENTA (30 y/o pregnant woman presents with pre-
eclampsia)
Breast mass, Giant Cells, Calcifications... Correct Ans-Fat Necrosis, beware of being tricked
into picking breast cancer....make sure to see serum levels....also look for trauma.
Pt has M.I., taken to cath lab, artery is opened & blood supply is re-established however
serum troponins/cardiac markers are still increasing, why? Correct Ans-Reperfusion Injury:
oxygen & inflammatory cells that are circulating in the blood return to the damaged tissue -->
inflammatory cells react with the dead tissue --> generation of free radicals & more injury!!!
Mechanisms for elimination of free radicals Correct Ans-Antioxidants: glutathione, Vit A, C,
E
Enzymes: Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase
Metal Carriers: transferrin, ceruloplasmin
Primary Systemic Amyloidosis Correct Ans-AL Amyloid Light Chain deposition, associated
with plasma cell dyscrasias
**Multiple Myeloma* *Kidney Most Common Site*
Secondary Systemic Amyloidosis Correct Ans-AA Amyloid deposition from SAA (acute
phase reactant)
Seen in chronic inflammatory states, malignancy
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis Correct Ans-NON-MUTATED Serum Transthyretin Deposits
Asymptomatic
Familial Cardiomyopathy Correct Ans-MUTATED Serum Transthyretin deposits
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Type 2 Diabetes Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-Amylin deposits in Islets of pancreas
Alzheimer's associated Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-A Beta Amyloid Plaques in Brain....
Chromosome 21...associated with Down's!!
Dialysis-Associated Amyloidosis Correct Ans-Beta-2 Microglobulin buildup in joints (not
filtered by dialysis!!)
MHCI
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-Calcitonin deposits...
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
"Tumor cells in an amyloid background"
Half of Neutrophils are floating around in the blood, where is the second half? Correct
Ans-Marginated Pool of Neutrophils --> hang out in the blood vessels of the lungs like bats in
a cave, waiting to be called on.....able to hang bc of their integrins
Where does Neutrophil arrival & function occur? Correct Ans-POST CAPILLARY VENULE,
Very Important
"Rolling" is the 2nd step of Neutrophil arrival & function, what cells modify this step?
Correct Ans-E-Selectins: Induced by TNF & IL-1
P-Selectins: Induced by Weibel-Palade bodies & vWF
Selectins (on the post-capillary venule wall) bind sialyl Lewis X (on Neutrophils)....slowing
them down and allowing them to roll along the venule wall.
What is margination? Correct Ans-1st step in Neutrophil arrival/function...vasodilation of
post-capillary venule allows Neutrophils to slow down and flow to the periphery of the vessel
Adhesion is the 3rd step in Neutrophil arrival & function...describe this step Correct Ans-
ICAM/VCAM Cellular adhesion molecules are upregulated on the epithelium by: TNF & IL1
Integrins on Neutrophils are upregulated by C5a & LTB4....
Necrosis characterized as "coagulative necrosis resembling mummified tissue..." If dead tissue
is infected it can liquefy.... Correct Ans-Gangrenous Necrosis
(if infected-->liquefy-->Wet Gangrene)
**Lower Limb Ischemia**
Necrosis characterized by soft, friable tissue with cottage-cheese like appearance.
Combination of coagulative & Liquefactive....Granulomatous inflammation from TB or Fungi
Correct Ans-Caseous Necrosis
Necrosis characterized by chalky-white appearance due to deposition of
Calcium...characteristic of trauma or pancreatic issues Correct Ans-Fat necrosis
See psammoma bodies, dystrophic calcification on dead fat tissue (psammoma bodies)
Difference between Dystrophic Calcification & Metastatic Calcification Correct Ans-
Dystrophic: Serum Ca++/Phosphate Normal
Metastatic: Serum Ca++/Phosphate HIGH
Necrosis characterized by damage to blood vessel wall, BRIGHT PINK on histo... Correct
Ans-Fibrinoid Necrosis
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
Most common causes of Fibrinoid Necrosis Correct Ans-Malignant HTN, Vasculitis,
FIBRINOID NECROSIS OF THE PLACENTA (30 y/o pregnant woman presents with pre-
eclampsia)
Breast mass, Giant Cells, Calcifications... Correct Ans-Fat Necrosis, beware of being tricked
into picking breast cancer....make sure to see serum levels....also look for trauma.
Pt has M.I., taken to cath lab, artery is opened & blood supply is re-established however
serum troponins/cardiac markers are still increasing, why? Correct Ans-Reperfusion Injury:
oxygen & inflammatory cells that are circulating in the blood return to the damaged tissue -->
inflammatory cells react with the dead tissue --> generation of free radicals & more injury!!!
Mechanisms for elimination of free radicals Correct Ans-Antioxidants: glutathione, Vit A, C,
E
Enzymes: Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Catalase
Metal Carriers: transferrin, ceruloplasmin
Primary Systemic Amyloidosis Correct Ans-AL Amyloid Light Chain deposition, associated
with plasma cell dyscrasias
**Multiple Myeloma* *Kidney Most Common Site*
Secondary Systemic Amyloidosis Correct Ans-AA Amyloid deposition from SAA (acute
phase reactant)
Seen in chronic inflammatory states, malignancy
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
Senile Cardiac Amyloidosis Correct Ans-NON-MUTATED Serum Transthyretin Deposits
Asymptomatic
Familial Cardiomyopathy Correct Ans-MUTATED Serum Transthyretin deposits
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Type 2 Diabetes Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-Amylin deposits in Islets of pancreas
Alzheimer's associated Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-A Beta Amyloid Plaques in Brain....
Chromosome 21...associated with Down's!!
Dialysis-Associated Amyloidosis Correct Ans-Beta-2 Microglobulin buildup in joints (not
filtered by dialysis!!)
MHCI
Medullary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Amyloid Deposition Correct Ans-Calcitonin deposits...
, Pathoma High Yield Test with Complete Solutions
"Tumor cells in an amyloid background"
Half of Neutrophils are floating around in the blood, where is the second half? Correct
Ans-Marginated Pool of Neutrophils --> hang out in the blood vessels of the lungs like bats in
a cave, waiting to be called on.....able to hang bc of their integrins
Where does Neutrophil arrival & function occur? Correct Ans-POST CAPILLARY VENULE,
Very Important
"Rolling" is the 2nd step of Neutrophil arrival & function, what cells modify this step?
Correct Ans-E-Selectins: Induced by TNF & IL-1
P-Selectins: Induced by Weibel-Palade bodies & vWF
Selectins (on the post-capillary venule wall) bind sialyl Lewis X (on Neutrophils)....slowing
them down and allowing them to roll along the venule wall.
What is margination? Correct Ans-1st step in Neutrophil arrival/function...vasodilation of
post-capillary venule allows Neutrophils to slow down and flow to the periphery of the vessel
Adhesion is the 3rd step in Neutrophil arrival & function...describe this step Correct Ans-
ICAM/VCAM Cellular adhesion molecules are upregulated on the epithelium by: TNF & IL1
Integrins on Neutrophils are upregulated by C5a & LTB4....
