Summary - Unit 15 - Transition Metals

TRANSITION METALS
So Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu In


↳ d-block elements that can for one or more stable ions with a partially filled (incomplete) a -orbital
Sc and
In don't form a stable ion with a patially filled
d -orbital FORMATION OF COLOURED IONS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES : GENERAL PROPERTIES :

in 3d
conduct heat variable oxidation states -e-sits 45 and
-

-




conduct
electricity
-


levels which close
energy are
very
-

Shiny ,
strong and hard
for colored ions in solution >
high melting colour of the complex in solution
-


and
boiling
-


points
-




-



good catalysts
-
-




form complexions
transition metal in
ligands band with
-




only stable i n
-




1sIs" 20352, p34533a e-ind-orbital
So
&B
+
1922s22p63523p6 ytransition
nea
-

repulsion between e-in ligands and
-raised energy d-orbital
of
Ti 152252p635" 3p64533d each wave
-splits the two groups
energies into
v Is22522p65s 3p64523d3 any not
-




=mon
Prepulsion absorbed
↳ Ist2s22p33p4s' 303 it M
-
than the energy Co2 +
6420 light energy
Mn 152s2p3s3p4s3as difference




J
FACTORS :
Fe 1st2s22p63s3p64396
2t
1522g22p635" 3p63dt
↑e
-
isoelectronic -
nature of TM ion -
state


33
-
oxidation state
light
1522522p6ys234523d7 Cot
ligands ↑E
-nature of
Co 1522s22po3s 3pb do wa
=

-
shape of complex
-
coordination 10
J
.




Ni Is22s22p" 3523pt4s23dS #

Co 152252p63523064s' 3d then #11143 #
-
Y
octahedral
*
zs3pozd10 exception #
In 1522s"2pbs23p6452391 Cu-1522szp (Cu2 + is most stable) 2
[red]



Jimm
filled d-orbital
M -


ligand causes the d-orbital to split
inexpoma
+
27 1st522pozsid10
- -
-
e-absorb the light energy
higher d-orbital
ion
only stable
↓ -
e-are promoted to the
.. e- cannot move / be promoted
d-orbitals
unabsorbed of the colour
light complementary
-
between

METAL COMPLEXES
-




is transmitted

COMPLEX ION-central transition
, metal is surrounded by ligands bonded date covalent bands
by
COORDINATION NO .
-

no. Coordinate bonds in a complex
COORDINATION NO -



J
charged ligand for
swapping a




11 I I
small ligands : H20 : -
he C)
a neutral ligand changes
: NH3
Joraneral j
coordination no




↓
fit 6 MONODENTATE lone pair C

pt
one
strength Only



↓
-




: OH-
octahedral Iharder t Cu
reverse)
BIDENTATE MULTI -
MONODEN

:
-


two lone
pairs




I
-




O
MULTIDENTATE-) One coordinate bond
large ligands
:
fit 4
U3N NUz
retaura
terrahedral : 109 So . square planar : 900
↳ anti cisplantin
dug 2




I sin
concer
OHz
total oxidation state total
totalOxidation
as are
=
oxidation state -




H20.. ↓ -
so t ogether
close
of metal [C (120) >]3
- z 1 1x4)
Co COMPLEX
=
-
- -

-

ion compisy of one or more ligand
4) (aq)
attached to central metal caria
=I 3 1 -

one
-




H20 just one lone
of band
par by mears dame covalent
>
-
H
,
0 -



J adecaia
&
LIGANDS -
Species that use its love pair of e- depends on size
di
mono dentate
on one of its atoms to form a
darive dative covalent with a transition
ligands bond
↓
bond CO-ORDINATION
metal
do
of love pars accepted by a catial
-
.




-
NO




TYPES OF LIGANDS :
COMPARING
CISPLANTIN [P+ 2+
comprex]
drug
NK3
↳ acticancer
NEUTRAL-tively charged complexes ,
oxidation 10 = metal ion H20
S form date
NEGATIVE--tively Charged Complex CN Cl On
displaced
with M+
-
Doeds to DNA -
ICI
-could bond to
healing can but and
s coordination

cause unwanted side effects e .


g
.
har loss s form octahe
-prevents replication of cancerous cells

issuer transplati A
BIDENTATE LIGANDS
:


MULTIDENTATE LIGANDS
-




↳ no duti-cancer properties
bands *
↳ ↳
[P
two dature

NMs) , 4(420)]
donate I love
pais called chelates
-




P+ (Nu3(z(z + 120 - + +
-
4




I· I
-




=
example required

- C-

FDA
>
-
6 lone pairs e-
-
↳ nitrogen
EXAMPLES
I lean) :
two
Or
↳ four oxygen · antidote to metal poisoning
emancipate > amalie
conticoagulant (nove cast from blood
mu
acts like
-
an

don't need to lear smar t botten
Salt from blood
↳ forensics lar
Only fit Hull > remove
monslusions
-




↳ blood e
> m o re
- marians from · remove Catt from hard water
.




↓ > protein
soluti an ↳ clearing products

AEMOGLOBIN/
-




Mensports O
>
-
One EDTA can replace
or -


Often optical isomers
6 H20


with 4 02)
z(or >
- Felt compu .
O
octahedral same
ligands - . multiderate : han


Nix ↓
different ligan as
oxygen
2 or water
#
OR
Fez 02 [024] longs
with M
substitutes 120 ligand in the



①
square planar 2 sure ligands to form oxyhamoglobin
different
rigands -
2
↓
ofhel cis-trans
=
isomerism
oxyhaemoglobin gives up of and is replaced

ar with 120 and elens the
to lugs e .




.
g haber process
protein octahedral
CATALYSIS :


PROCESS:
carbon monoxide : Co replaces water ligand CONTACT
so
strongly that it cannot
readily be replaced ↓ temp ↓money + CO2 produced
by On or 120 =
Oxygen starvation
=
pois on ou
itself oxidised



I
STEP 2
: V204 + 2 +
V20s
megan love you a mu -


reformed




HETEROGENOUS CATALST :
HOMOGENOUS CATALYST
-
reactants are adsorbed
onto surface active sires e .
g CO/NO
. -


catalysts react with a reactant to form intermediate

-wealers bands ,
brings molecules close -> more favorable -




intermediate reacts to for product faster that original
orientation
reactant land
reaction rales
place regenerates)
-




-

products are desorbed e
. CO2 N2
g
.
, 2C0 + 2NO >
- Nz + CO2 -


acid :
X + Y > products
-
-




less namful
x + H + -
HX
+


IDEAL CATALUST =
Nadsorption 2 .

g .
Fe Co Ni
y
,
HX +
,
>
products + H
-

+ +

if too cannot more round surface
strong-reactants
product desorb
cannot e .


. transition
g metal
if too we are racrans not adsorbed -
Fezt
+
-
-




32082 -
21
-


+
- -


honeycomb structure -
-