GRAMMAR UNIT 1 AND 2
1. PRESENT SIMPLE → Subj + Verb + -s /-es
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS → BE + ing
3. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE → Subj + Have / Has + 3ra column
- Accions que no han acabat, temps no especificat. Causa - Conseqüència.
- Passat - Present
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS → Subj + Have / Has been + ing
1. PAST SIMPLE → -ed or 2n column
2. PAST CONTINUOUS → was / were + ing
3. PAST PERFECT → Had + 3ra column
- Quan estem parlant del passat i volem referir-nos a algo que va passar més
abans. Temps no definit
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS → Had been + ing
1. FUTURE “WILL” → will + verb (simple)
2. FUTURE “BE GOING TO” → BE + going to + verb
3. FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS → Will + BE + ing
1. FUTURE PRESENT SIMPLE → Subj + Verb + -s /-es
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS → Will + BE + ing
3. FUTURE PERFECT → Will + Have / Has + 3ra column
UNIT 3
RELATIVE CLAUSES → extra information
Defining or no: for things
Who / that → people
Which / that
Whose → his her their (possessions) “cuyo coche…”
Where → places
When → time
CAN BE OMITTED WITH DEFINING CLAUSES OR THEY ARE OBJECTS (defining
or non-defining) - si hi ha coma no ho podem treure - el subjecte mai s’elimina - With
a comma, we can never write that, només posem comes si es informació extra.
- Which / that
- Who / that
- When
, UNIT 4
HAVE TO vs. MUST
HAVE TO → don’t have to / doesn’t have to
- used when the obligation comes from an external person / source / authority.
ex: I have to wear a helmet / I have to go and see granny
DON’T / DOESN’T HAVE TO
- acte of obligation
ex: Montilivi high-schoolers don’t have to wear a uniform
MUST → mustn’t
- used when the obligation comes from the speaker.
ex: I must go 8 to see granny (my mum didn’t ask me)
MUSTN’T
- prohibition
ex: you mustn’t handle the mobile phone in class
MODAL VERBS:
MODALS USES
CAN - ability
- request, permission
- possibility
BE ABLE TO - ability
- possibility
CAN’T - inability
- prohibition
- disbelief, deduction
COULD - past ability
- polite request
- polite suggestion
- possibility
MAY, MIGHT - possibility
MAY - polite request, permission
SHOULD, OUGHT TO - advice, opinion
NEED TO - necessity, obligation
HAVE TO - necessity, obligation
1. PRESENT SIMPLE → Subj + Verb + -s /-es
2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS → BE + ing
3. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE → Subj + Have / Has + 3ra column
- Accions que no han acabat, temps no especificat. Causa - Conseqüència.
- Passat - Present
4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS → Subj + Have / Has been + ing
1. PAST SIMPLE → -ed or 2n column
2. PAST CONTINUOUS → was / were + ing
3. PAST PERFECT → Had + 3ra column
- Quan estem parlant del passat i volem referir-nos a algo que va passar més
abans. Temps no definit
4. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS → Had been + ing
1. FUTURE “WILL” → will + verb (simple)
2. FUTURE “BE GOING TO” → BE + going to + verb
3. FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS → Will + BE + ing
1. FUTURE PRESENT SIMPLE → Subj + Verb + -s /-es
2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS → Will + BE + ing
3. FUTURE PERFECT → Will + Have / Has + 3ra column
UNIT 3
RELATIVE CLAUSES → extra information
Defining or no: for things
Who / that → people
Which / that
Whose → his her their (possessions) “cuyo coche…”
Where → places
When → time
CAN BE OMITTED WITH DEFINING CLAUSES OR THEY ARE OBJECTS (defining
or non-defining) - si hi ha coma no ho podem treure - el subjecte mai s’elimina - With
a comma, we can never write that, només posem comes si es informació extra.
- Which / that
- Who / that
- When
, UNIT 4
HAVE TO vs. MUST
HAVE TO → don’t have to / doesn’t have to
- used when the obligation comes from an external person / source / authority.
ex: I have to wear a helmet / I have to go and see granny
DON’T / DOESN’T HAVE TO
- acte of obligation
ex: Montilivi high-schoolers don’t have to wear a uniform
MUST → mustn’t
- used when the obligation comes from the speaker.
ex: I must go 8 to see granny (my mum didn’t ask me)
MUSTN’T
- prohibition
ex: you mustn’t handle the mobile phone in class
MODAL VERBS:
MODALS USES
CAN - ability
- request, permission
- possibility
BE ABLE TO - ability
- possibility
CAN’T - inability
- prohibition
- disbelief, deduction
COULD - past ability
- polite request
- polite suggestion
- possibility
MAY, MIGHT - possibility
MAY - polite request, permission
SHOULD, OUGHT TO - advice, opinion
NEED TO - necessity, obligation
HAVE TO - necessity, obligation
