Test Bank for Biological Science Canadian Edition 2nd Edition by Scott Freeman, Michael Harrington, Joan C. Sharp

Test Bank for Biological Science, Canadian Edition 2nd Edition by Scott Freeman, Michael Harrington, Joan C. Sharp. Contents Chapter 1 Biology and the Tree of Life 1 1.1 The Cell Theory 2 Are All Organisms Made of Cells? 2 Where Do Cells Come From? 2 1.2 The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 4 What Is Evolution? 4 What Is Natural Selection? 4 1.3 The Tree of Life 5 Linnaean Taxonomy 6 BOX 1.1 Scientific Names and Terms 6 Using Molecules to Understand the Tree of Life 8 1.4 Doing Biology 10 Why Do Giraffes Have Long Necks? An Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 10 Why Are Chili Peppers Hot? An Introduction to Experimental Design 12 ESSAY Where Do Humans Fit on the Tree of Life? 15 CHAPTER REVIEW 16 UNIT 1 The Origin and Early Evolution of Life 19 Chapter 2 The Atoms and Molecules of Ancient Earth 20 2.1 The Ancient Earth 20 Studying the Formation of Planets 21 When Did Chemical Evolution Take Place? 21 2.2 The Building Blocks of Chemical Evolution 24 What Atoms Are Found in Organisms? 24 How Does Covalent Bonding Hold Molecules Together? 24 How Does Ionic Bonding Hold Molecules Together? 26 Some Simple Molecules Formed from H, C, N, and O 27 2.3 Chemical Reactions, Chemical Evolution, and Chemical Energy 29 How Do Chemical Reactions Happen? 30 What Is Energy? 30 Chemical Evolution: A Model System 32 How Did Chemical Energy Change during Chemical Evolution? 34 2.4 The Composition of the Early Atmosphere: Redox Reactions and the Importance of Carbon 35 What Is a Redox Reaction? 35 BOX 2.1 Some Other Approaches to Understanding Redox Reactions 36 What Happens When Carbon Is Reduced? 36 The Early Oceans and the Properties of Water 39 Why Is Water Such an Efficient Solvent? 39 How Does Water_s Structure Correlate with Its Properties? 40 Acid-Base Reactions and pH 41 What Was Water_s Role in Chemical Evolution? 42 ESSAY The Search for Extraterrestrial Life 43 CHAPTER REVIEW 44 Chapter 3 Protein Structure and Function 46 3.1 Early Origin-of-Life Experiments 47 BOX 3.1 Was Miller Correct about Conditions on Ancient Earth? 48 3.2 Amino Acids and Polymerization 48 The Structure of Amino Acids 49 How Do Amino Acids Link to Form Proteins? 53 3.3 What Do Proteins Look Like? 56 Primary Structure 57 Secondary Structure 57 Tertiary Structure 58 Quaternary Structure 59 Folding and Function 60 BOX 3.2 Prions 62 3.4 What Do Proteins Do? 62 Proteins Have Diverse Functions in Cells 62 An Introduction to Catalysis 63 How Do Enzymes Work? 64 Was the First Living Entity a Protein? 70 ESSAY Molecular Handedness and the Thalidomide Tragedy 70 CHAPTER REVIEW 71 Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World 74 4.1 What Is a Nucleic Acid? 75 Could Chemical Evolution Result in the Production of Nucleotides? 76 How Do Nucleotides Polymerize to Form Nucleic Acids? 76 BOX 4.1 Gel Electrophoresis and Autoradiography 78 4.2 DNA Structure and Function 79 BOX 4.2 An Introduction to X-Ray Crystallography 80 DNA Is an Information-Containing Molecule 82 Is DNA a Catalytic Molecule? 82 4.3 RNA Structure and Function 83 RNA as an Information-Containing Molecule 84 Is RNA a Catalytic Molecule? 85 4.4 The First Life-Form 85 ESSAY The Human Side of Research 87 CHAPTER REVIEW 88 Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 90 5.1 Sugars as Monomers 91 5.2 The Structure of Polysaccharides 92 BOX 5.1 Lactose Intolerance and Galactosemia 93 Starch: A Storage Polysaccharide in Plants 94 Glycogen: A Highly Branched Storage Polysaccharide in Animals 95 Cellulose: A Structural Polysaccharide in Plants 95 Chitin: A Structural Polysaccharide in Animals 96 Peptidoglycan: A Structural Polysaccharide in Bacteria 96 Polysaccharides and Chemical Evolution 96 BOX 5.2 How Do the Penicillins and Cephalosporins Kill Bacteria? 96 5.3 What Do Carbohydrates Do? 97 The Role of Carbohydrates in Cell Identity 97 The Role of Carbohydrates in Energy Production and Storage 98 Carbohydrates as Structural Molecules 99 ESSAY Why Do We Have a Sweet Tooth? 101 CHAPTER REVIEW 101 Chapter 6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells 103 6.1 Lipids 104 BOX 6.1 Electron Microscopy 104 What Is a Lipid? 106 A Look at Three Types of Lipids Found in Cells 106 The Structures of Membrane Lipids 108 6.2 Phospholipid Bilayers 109 Artificial Membranes as an Experimental System 109 Selective Permeability of Lipid Bilayers 110 Does the Type of Lipid in a Membrane Affect Its Permeability? 111 Why Does Temperature Affect the Fluidity and Permeability of Membranes? 112 6.3 Why Molecules Move across Lipid Bilayers: Diffusion and Osmosis 113 6.4 Membrane Proteins 116 Systems for Studying Membrane Proteins 118 How Do Membrane Proteins Affect Ions and Molecules? 118 ESSAY The Molecular Basis of Cystic Fibrosis 123 CHAPTER REVIEW 125 UNIT 2 Cell Structure and Function 127 Chapter 7 Inside the Cell 128 7.1 What_s Inside the Cell? 129 Prokaryotic Cells 129 Eukaryotic Cells 131 How Does Cell Structure Correlate with Function? 138 The Dynamic Cell 139 BOX 7.1 How Does a Centrifuge Work? 140 BOX 7.2 Techniques for Studying the Dynamic Cell 141 7.2 The Nuclear Envelope: Transport Into and Out of the Nucleus 142 How Are Molecules Imported into the Nucleus? 143 How Are Molecules Exported from the Nucleus? 144 7.3 The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Shipping Proteins 145 Entering the Endomembrane System: The Signal Hypothesis 146 Getting from the ER to the Golgi 147 What Happens Inside the Golgi Apparatus? 147 How Are Products Shipped from the Golgi? 148 7.4 The Dynamic Cytoskeleton 149 Actin Filaments 150 Intermediate Filaments 151 Microtubules 152 Cilia and Flagella: Moving the Entire Cell 154 ESSAY Organelles and Human Disease 156 CHAPTER REVIEW 156 Chapter 8 Cell-Cell Interactions 159 8.1 The Cell Surface 160 The Structure and Function of an Extracellular Layer 160 The Plant Cell Wall 160 The Extracellular Matrix in Animals 162 BOX 8.1 What Happens When the Extracellular Matrix Is Defective? 163 8.2 How Do Adjacent Cells Connect and Communicate? 163 Cell-Cell Attachments 165 Cell-Cell Gaps 169 8.3 How Do Distant Cells Communicate? 170 Signal Reception 170 Signal Processing 171 Signal Response 172 Signal Deactivation 174 ESSAY How Do ViagraÀ, LevitraÀ, and CialisÀ Work? 175 CHAPTER REVIEW 174 Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 177 9.1 An Overview of Cellular Respiration 178 The Nature of Chemical Energy and Redox Reactions 179 Using Redox Reactions to Produce ATP 180 Processing Glucose: Glycolysis 180 The Krebs Cycle 180 Electron Transport 182 Methods of Producing ATP 182 9.2 Glycolysis 183 A Closer Look at the Glycolytic Reactions 183 How Is Glycolysis Regulated? 184 9.3 The Krebs Cycle 186 Converting Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 187 How Is the Krebs Cycle Regulated? 188 What Happens to the NADH and FADH2? 190 9.4 Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis 190 Components of the Electron Transport Chain 191 The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 192 How Is the Electron Transport Chain Organized? 193 The Discovery of ATP Synthase 194 Oxidative Phosphorylation 194 9.5 Fermentation 196 9.6 How Does Cellular Respiration Interact with Other Metabolic Pathways? 197 Processing Proteins and Fats as Fuel 197 Anabolic Pathways Synthesize Key Molecules 198 ESSAY ATP Production during Exercise 199 CHAPTER REVIEW 199 Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 202 10.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis 203 Photosynthesis: Two Distinct Sets of Reactions 203 The Structure of the Chloroplast 204 BOX 10.1 Types of Plastids 205 10.2 How Does Chlorophyll Capture Light Energy? 206 Photosynthetic Pigments Absorb Light 206 BOX 10.2 How Do Researchers Measure Absorption Spectra? 207 When Light Is Absorbed, Electrons Enter an Excited State 209 10.3 The Discovery of Photosystems I and II 211 How Does Photosystem II Work? 212 How Does Photosystem I Work? 214 The Z Scheme: Photosystems I and II Work Together 215 10.4 How Is Carbon Dioxide Reduced to Produce Glucose? 217 The Calvin Cycle 217 The Discovery of Rubisco 219 How Is Carbon Dioxide Delivered to Rubisco? 220 What Happens to the Sugar That Is Produced by Photosynthesis? 222 ESSAY Are Rising CO2 Levels in the Atmosphere Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis? 224 CHAPTER REVIEW 225 Chapter 11 The Cell Cycle 227 11.1 Mitosis and the Cell Cycle 228 The Cell Cycle 229 When Does Chromosome Replication Occur? 229 The Discovery of the Gap Phases 230 BOX 11.1 Cell- Culture Methods 231 BOX 11.2 How Do Bacteria Divide? 232 11.2 How Does Mitosis Take Place? 232 Events in Mitosis 232 Cytokinesis 235 How Do Chromosomes Move during Mitosis? 237 11.3 Control of the Cell Cycle 238 The Discovery of Cell-Cycle Regulatory Molecules 238 Cell-Cycle Checkpoints 240 11.4 Cancer: Out-of-Control Cell Division 241 Properties of Cancer Cells 242 Cancer Involves Loss of Cell-Cycle Control 242 ESSAY Cancer Chemotherapy 244 CHAPTER REVIEW 245 UNIT 3 Gene Structure and Expression 247 Chapter 12 Meiosis 248 12.1 How Does Meiosis Occur? 249 BOX 12.1 Karyotyping Techniques 250 An Overview of Meiosis 252 The Phases of Meiosis I 253 The Phases of Meiosis II 255 A Closer Look at Key Events in Prophase of Meiosis I 257 12.2 The Consequences of Meiosis 258 Chromosomes and Heredity 258 How Does the Separation and Distribution of Homologous Chromosomes Produce Genetic Variation? 258 The Role of Crossing Over 259 How Does Fertilization Affect Genetic Variation? 259 12.3 Why Does Meiosis Exist? Why Sex? 260 The Paradox of Sex 261 When Do Meiosis and Fertilization Occur during the Life of an Organism? 263 12.4 Mistakes in Meiosis 264 How Do Mistakes Occur? 264 Why Do Mistakes Occur? 265 ESSAY Seedless Fruits 266 CHAPTER REVIEW 267 Chapter 13 Mendel and the Gene 269 13.1 Mendel_s Experiments with a Single Trait 270 What Questions Was Mendel Trying to Answer? 270 Garden Peas Serve as the First Model Organism in Genetics 270 Inheritance of a Single Trait 272 The Nature and Behavior of the Hereditary Determinants 273 BOX 13.1 Why Do Punnett Squares Work? 275 Testing the Model 275 13.2 Mendel_s Experiments with Two Traits 276 BOX 13.2 Sample Size and Chance Fluctuations 278 Using a Testcross to Confirm Predictions 278 Mendel_s Contributions to the Study of Heredity 279 13.3 The Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 279 13.4 Testing and Extending the Chromosome Theory 281 The Discovery of Sex-Linked Traits 281 The Discovery of Sex Chromosomes 281 X-Linked Inheritance and the Chromosome Theory 282 What Happens When Genes Are Located on the Same Chromosome? 283 13.5 Extending Mendel_s Rules 287 Incomplete Dominance and Codominance 288 Multiple Alleles and Polymorphic Traits 289 Pleiotropy 289 Genes Are Affected by the Physical Environment and Genetic Environment 290 Organelle Genomes 291 Quantitative Traits 291 13.6 Applying Mendel_s Rules to Humans 294 Are Alleles Recessive or Dominant? 294 Is the Trait Autosomal or Sex-Linked? 295 ESSAY Does