Developmental Biology Notes
Associated Text: Gilbert, Scot F., and Michael J. F. Barresi. Developmental Biology . 11th ed., Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 2016.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organizaton .................................................... 4
Chapter 23 – Ageing and Senescence ................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 – Specifying Identty: Mechanisms of Developmental Paterning ......................................................... 8
Chapter 3 – Diferental Gene Expression: Mechanisms of Cell Diferentaton ...................................................... 9
Chapter 4 – Cell-to-Cell Communicaton: Mechanisms of Morphogenesis ........................................................... 12
Chapter 5 – Stem Cells: Their Potental and Their Niches .................................................................................... 16
Chapter 6 – Sex Determinaton and Gametogenesis ........................................................................................... 19
Humans.................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Flies.......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
C. elegans................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Other Variatons....................................................................................................................................................... 22
Environmental Sex Determinaton (Temperature Dependent) ................................................................................ 23
Other Environmental Sex Determinaton ................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 7 – Fertlizaton: Beginning a New Organism ......................................................................................... 24
Oogenesis................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Fertlizaton.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Sea Urchin Fertlizaton ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Types of Organism Phyla, Cleavage Mechanisms, and Gastrulaton Cell Movements .......................................... 29
Chapter 8 – Rapid Specifcaton in Snails and Nematodes ................................................................................... 31
Snail development (protostome – lophotrochozoan – mollusk) .............................................................................. 31
C. elegans development (protostome – ecdysozoan – nematode) .......................................................................... 31
Chapter 9 – The Genetcs of Axis Specifcaton in Drosophila.............................................................................. 33
Drosophila (protostome – ecdysozoan – arthropod) ............................................................................................... 33
Chapter 10 – Sea Urchins and Tunicates: Deuterostome Invertebrates ............................................................... 35
Sea Urchin (deuterostome – echinoderm) ............................................................................................................... 35 Tunicates (deuterostome – chordate – urochordata) .............................................................................................. 36
Chapter 12 – Birds and Mammals ...................................................................................................................... 37
Amphibian development .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Fish development..................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chick Development.................................................................................................................................................. 40
Mammal Development ............................................................................................................................................ 41
DEVELOPMENT AFTER GASTRULATION .............................................................................................................. 43
Origins of Body systems: .......................................................................................................................................... 44
BUILDING WITH ECTODERM: THE VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EPIDERMIS ........................................... 45
Chapter 13 – Neural Tube Formaton and Paterning .......................................................................................... 46
Chapter 14 – Brain Growth ................................................................................................................................ 48
Chapter 15 – Neural Crest Cells and Axonic Specifcity ....................................................................................... 50
Chapter 16 – Ectodermal Placodes and the Epidermis ........................................................................................ 51
BUILDING WITH MESODERM AND ENDODERM: ORGANOGENESIS ..................................................................... 53
Chapter 17 – Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatves ................................................................. 53
Chapter 18 – Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart, Blood, and Kidneys ........................................... 55
Lateral Plate Mesoderm ........................................................................................................................................... 55
The Heart................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 20 – The Endoderm: Tubes and Organs for Digeston and Respiraton ................................................... 56
Chapter 19 – Development of the Tetrapod Limb ............................................................................................... 57
Lecture Reviews (Focus Areas) ........................................................................................................................... 59
Exam 1 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 59
Exam 2 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Exam 3 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 66
Final reviews............................................................................................................................................................ 69
Final Stuf.......................................................................................................................................................... 71
Experimental Techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 71
Important Cleavage Paterns ................................................................................................................................... 72
Model Organisms..................................................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 1 – Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organization
Developmental history of leopard frog ( Rana pipiens)
1.Gametogenesis (forms gametes)
2.Fertilization (forms zygote)
3.Cleavage (forms blastula)
4.Gastrulation (forms gastrula)
5.Organogenesis (results in birth)
6.Larval stages
7.Maturity
Zygote – fertilized egg
Embryo – between fertilization & birth
Embryology – study of dev between fertilization & birth
Gastrulation
1.Endoderm – gut 2.Mesoderm – notochord, blood vessels
3.Ectoderm – epidermis, neural plate
Preformation – develop from miniature versions of themselves
Epigenesis – develop progressively from undiferentiated egg cell
1.Christian Pander – 3 germ layers
2.Heinrich Rathke – similar embryonic structures diferently used in adult mammals
3.Karl Ernst von Baer – notochord, mammalian egg, four principles of embryology
Four principles of embryology
1.General features of a large group appear before specialized features of a small group (skin forms before feathers, scales, and hair)
2. Less general characters develop from more general (scales, feathers, and hair arise from the skin)
3.Embryos are dissimilar to adult forms of lower animals (Human embryos never look like adult lizards)
4.Embryos are similar to embryonic forms of lower animals (Human embryos do look like lizard embryos)
Homologous structures – common ancestor, diferent function
Fate Maps
Associated Text: Gilbert, Scot F., and Michael J. F. Barresi. Developmental Biology . 11th ed., Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, 2016.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organizaton .................................................... 4
Chapter 23 – Ageing and Senescence ................................................................................................................... 6
Chapter 2 – Specifying Identty: Mechanisms of Developmental Paterning ......................................................... 8
Chapter 3 – Diferental Gene Expression: Mechanisms of Cell Diferentaton ...................................................... 9
Chapter 4 – Cell-to-Cell Communicaton: Mechanisms of Morphogenesis ........................................................... 12
Chapter 5 – Stem Cells: Their Potental and Their Niches .................................................................................... 16
Chapter 6 – Sex Determinaton and Gametogenesis ........................................................................................... 19
Humans.................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Flies.......................................................................................................................................................................... 21
C. elegans................................................................................................................................................................. 22
Other Variatons....................................................................................................................................................... 22
Environmental Sex Determinaton (Temperature Dependent) ................................................................................ 23
Other Environmental Sex Determinaton ................................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 7 – Fertlizaton: Beginning a New Organism ......................................................................................... 24
Oogenesis................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Fertlizaton.............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Sea Urchin Fertlizaton ............................................................................................................................................ 26
Types of Organism Phyla, Cleavage Mechanisms, and Gastrulaton Cell Movements .......................................... 29
Chapter 8 – Rapid Specifcaton in Snails and Nematodes ................................................................................... 31
Snail development (protostome – lophotrochozoan – mollusk) .............................................................................. 31
C. elegans development (protostome – ecdysozoan – nematode) .......................................................................... 31
Chapter 9 – The Genetcs of Axis Specifcaton in Drosophila.............................................................................. 33
Drosophila (protostome – ecdysozoan – arthropod) ............................................................................................... 33
Chapter 10 – Sea Urchins and Tunicates: Deuterostome Invertebrates ............................................................... 35
Sea Urchin (deuterostome – echinoderm) ............................................................................................................... 35 Tunicates (deuterostome – chordate – urochordata) .............................................................................................. 36
Chapter 12 – Birds and Mammals ...................................................................................................................... 37
Amphibian development .......................................................................................................................................... 38
Fish development..................................................................................................................................................... 39
Chick Development.................................................................................................................................................. 40
Mammal Development ............................................................................................................................................ 41
DEVELOPMENT AFTER GASTRULATION .............................................................................................................. 43
Origins of Body systems: .......................................................................................................................................... 44
BUILDING WITH ECTODERM: THE VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND EPIDERMIS ........................................... 45
Chapter 13 – Neural Tube Formaton and Paterning .......................................................................................... 46
Chapter 14 – Brain Growth ................................................................................................................................ 48
Chapter 15 – Neural Crest Cells and Axonic Specifcity ....................................................................................... 50
Chapter 16 – Ectodermal Placodes and the Epidermis ........................................................................................ 51
BUILDING WITH MESODERM AND ENDODERM: ORGANOGENESIS ..................................................................... 53
Chapter 17 – Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatves ................................................................. 53
Chapter 18 – Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart, Blood, and Kidneys ........................................... 55
Lateral Plate Mesoderm ........................................................................................................................................... 55
The Heart................................................................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 20 – The Endoderm: Tubes and Organs for Digeston and Respiraton ................................................... 56
Chapter 19 – Development of the Tetrapod Limb ............................................................................................... 57
Lecture Reviews (Focus Areas) ........................................................................................................................... 59
Exam 1 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 59
Exam 2 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 62
Exam 3 reviews........................................................................................................................................................ 66
Final reviews............................................................................................................................................................ 69
Final Stuf.......................................................................................................................................................... 71
Experimental Techniques ......................................................................................................................................... 71
Important Cleavage Paterns ................................................................................................................................... 72
Model Organisms..................................................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 1 – Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organization
Developmental history of leopard frog ( Rana pipiens)
1.Gametogenesis (forms gametes)
2.Fertilization (forms zygote)
3.Cleavage (forms blastula)
4.Gastrulation (forms gastrula)
5.Organogenesis (results in birth)
6.Larval stages
7.Maturity
Zygote – fertilized egg
Embryo – between fertilization & birth
Embryology – study of dev between fertilization & birth
Gastrulation
1.Endoderm – gut 2.Mesoderm – notochord, blood vessels
3.Ectoderm – epidermis, neural plate
Preformation – develop from miniature versions of themselves
Epigenesis – develop progressively from undiferentiated egg cell
1.Christian Pander – 3 germ layers
2.Heinrich Rathke – similar embryonic structures diferently used in adult mammals
3.Karl Ernst von Baer – notochord, mammalian egg, four principles of embryology
Four principles of embryology
1.General features of a large group appear before specialized features of a small group (skin forms before feathers, scales, and hair)
2. Less general characters develop from more general (scales, feathers, and hair arise from the skin)
3.Embryos are dissimilar to adult forms of lower animals (Human embryos never look like adult lizards)
4.Embryos are similar to embryonic forms of lower animals (Human embryos do look like lizard embryos)
Homologous structures – common ancestor, diferent function
Fate Maps
