Psychology. Gray and Bjorklund. Chapter 16 (Treatment of Psychological Disorders)

Psychology. Gray and Bjorklund. Chapter 16 (Treatment of Psychological Disorders) Consciousness - ANS The experiencing of one owns mental events in such a manner that one can report on them to others. The information-process model CORE ASSUMPTIONS - ANS Core assumptions 1. an individual has limited mental resources in processing information (energy, storage space or time) 2. information moves through a system of stores The information-process model - ANS encoding, storage, retrieval Memory stores - ANS ry -term -term Control processes - ANS 1. attention 2. rehearsal 3. encoding 4. retrieval Sensory memory - ANS The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system. A major function of sensory memory is to hold onto fleeting, unattended stimuli long enough to allow us to turn our attention to them and bring them into consciousness if they prove to be significant. Short-term store/ working memory - ANS 1. Information in the sensory store that is attended to moves into the next compartment. limited capacity Long-term memory - ANS Items that have been passed from sensory memory to short-term memory may be encoded in the long-term memory. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Attention - ANS 1. The process that controls the flow of information from the sensory store into short-term memory. 2. A state of the brain in which neural resources are shifted such that more resources are devoted to analyzing certain selected stimuli and fewer resources are devoted to analyzing other stimuli, which are picked up by the senses. The more neural activity a stimulus produces, the more likely it is that we will experience that stimulus consciously. Encoding - ANS The process that controls the flow of info from short-term into long-term store memory. Most encoding is incidental and not deliberate Retrieval - ANS The process that controls the flow of info from long-term into short-term store memory. (aka remembering/ recalling) can be deliberate or automatic Effortful processes - ANS The requirement the use of mental resources for their successful completion. Hypothesized to: 1. Be available to consciousness 2. Interfere with the execution of other effortful processes 3. Improve with practice 4. Be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, and education Automatic processes - ANS Hypothesized to: 1. To occur without intention and without conscious awareness 2. Not to interfere with the execution of other processes. 3. Not to improve with practice. 4. Not to be influenced by individual differences in intelligence, motivation, and education. Dual-processing theories - ANS Implicit and explicit attitudes are from separate processes. 1. One way of thinking is put on the automatic continuum, with processing being fast, automatic and unconscious. 2. Another way of thinking on the effortful continuum, with processing being slow, effortful and conscious. Stroop interference effect - ANS Presented words printed in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color of each as quickly as possible 6. What two competing needs are met by our attentional system? - ANS 1. One need is to focus mental resources on the task at hand and not be distracted by irrelevant stimuli. 2. The other opposing need is to monitor stimuli that are irrelevant tot he task at hand and shift attention immediately to anything that signals some danger or benefit that outweighs that task. Preattentive processing - ANS The analysis, at an unconscious level, in which the mind determines which stimuli are worth passing into working memory. There is some comparison of sensory input to information that is already in the short-term memory or long-term memory. Generalized model of attention - ANS According to this model, all information that is picked up by the senses enter briefly into sensory memory and is analyzed to determine its relevance to the ongoing task and its potential significance for the person's survival or well-being. Selective listening - ANS A listening style in which the receiver responds only to messages that interest him or her