MDC2 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions With Correct Answers.

MDC2 Exam 1 Study Guide Questions With Correct Answers. What advice would you have for a patient who has a family history of cancer? -diagnostic testing -screenings -primary preventions -education on s/s Primary prevention Smoking Cessation, Chemoprophylaxis, Avoidance of Vice/Carcinogen, Avoid highly processed foods. Secondary prevention screenings, tumor markers Tertiary prevention prevention of sequela within the disease process your diagnosed with What are the steps in cancer cell development? 1) initiation - alteration of DNA synthesis 2) promotion - enhancing cell growth and replicate rapidly 3)progression - cells multiply and spread the cancer 4)metastasis - cancer moves from original location and colonizes elsewhere What sources affect cancer cell growth? 1) SMOKING CESSATION -hormones -age -environmental carcinogens -family history -genetics -organ recipients Purpose of radiation and side effects Purpose: shrink tumor side effects: -localized to that specific spot -skin irritation -bone marrow suppression -fatigue -altered taste and sensations Radiation exposure vs dose Exposure = how much radiation is delivered Dose = how much radiation is absorbed Why is it important to teach patients not to remove radiation markings? the markings are where the tumor is and if the markings are removed the tumor can be missed Tumors: malignant vs benign malignant = cancerous growth of abnormal cells; cells can migrate benign = non-cancerous, normal cells; cells do not migrate Oncology patients and risk for infection: what is the best way to prevent infection? 1) hand-washing!! -proper hygiene -avoid large crowds -bacteria free environment -masks -no fresh fruits, veggies, flowers, processed meats what important details should be included in education for cancer patients about infection risk? preventative measures -immune system is compromised -know s/s of infection -when to seek professional help Hospice comfort care and end of life care Palliative care Care designed not to treat an illness but to provide physical and emotional comfort to the patient and support and guidance to his or her family. When is hospice a necessary option? no other treatment available and when treatment is stopped what is chemotherapy? important patient/family education? the use of drugs to treat a disease -ensure understanding of diagnosis and treatment options --allows patient and family to make an informed decision Side effects of chemotherapy -Hair loss -Dry mouth/mouth sores -Difficulty swallowing -N/V -Diarrhea *[GI tract replicate often] -Fatigue -Bleeding -Susceptibility to infection -Foggy brain aka "chemo brain" oncological emergencies -life threatening events -occur anytime from dx through tx Classifications: -metabolic -hematologic -structural -side effects of tx tumor lysis syndrome can develop from chemotherapy for cancers with rapid cell turnover. It is characterized by azotemia, acidosis, hyperphosphatemia, hyocalcemia, hyperkalemia (EKG changes), and acute renal failure. Tx of tumor lysis syndrome -inpatient monitoring -fluid resuscitation -Allopurinol or uricase therapy -correction of acidosis -hemodialysis nursing intervention for tumor lysis syndrome -monitor v/s and cardiac rhythm -provide pt and fam education -maintain abc's -administer prescribed meds -manage electrolyte imbalances -prep pt for hemodialysis Malignant Pericardial Effusion Excess fluid accumulates in pericardial sac, compresses heart, no heart movement, cardiac tamponade. S/S: * SOB * HYPOtension * Confusion * Lightheadedness Tx malignant pericardial effusion radiation or surgical intervention nursing interventions for malignant pericardial effusion -assessment for neurological deficits -manage pain -administer medications as prescribed -prevent skin breakdown -provide emotional and spiritual support to the pt and fam Superior vena cava syndrome Seen in lung cancer that obstructs the SVC and causes distended head and neck veins with edema, dysphagia, cough, blue discoloration of arms and face Treatment of SVC syndrome radiation chemotherapy nursing interventions for SVC syndrome -assess of respiratory and cardiac systems -maintain airway -monitor oxygen -monitor labs -provide emotional and spiritual support to pt and fam curative surgery Cures; alleviates a problem (e.g., appendectomy; remove all cancer tissue Prophylactic surgery removes "at risk" tissue to prevent cancer development diagnostic surgery Done to provide data for a diagnosis of the problem (e.g., mass biopsy, exploratory laparotomy). palliative surgery surgery that is performed to relieve pain or other symptoms but not to cure the cancer or prolong a patient's life S/S of cancer C- change in bowel or bladder habits A- a sore that does not heal U- unusual bleeding/discharge T-thickening or lump I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing O-obvious change in wart or mole N- nagging cough or persistent hoarseness TNM staging classifies cancer according to tumor size, node involvement, metastasis -metastasis is more important than lymph node involvement nursing interventions for surgical post-op cancer patients -infection control -early mobility -pain management -psychosocial needs -return of function -coping strategies for pt and family (diagnosis and change in body image) -patient education (support groups)