Environmental management
The hot core, is hotter than 4000‘c,
is surrounded by the mantle.
The mantle is a thick shell of molten
rock.
The outer part of the mantle is the
source for the magma that reaches
the Earth’s surface during a
volcanic eruption.
Floating on the mantle is the crust,
which form the surface layer of
rocks and minerals.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
it’s made by different types of rocks, some provide us with useful products like building
stone, minerals and metals. Most of the land has a surface that’s cover by soil, its
created by the breakdown of rocks.
FORMATION OF ROCKS
When volcanos erupt, the magma released as lava and ash cool to form a new rock
Sediments already on the earth’s surface, are compressed and folded up by the
earth movements forming chains of high fold mountains.
Over time, the rocks that are exposed are broken into smaller pieces by weathering.
There are different types of weathering (physical, chemical and biological)
The main type that breaks up rock in high mountain areas is freeze- thaw.
1. Rocks are eroded by
water, ice and wind and
carried away
2. The rocks fragments,
reaches the sea and they
are deposited on the sea
bed
3. They are accumulated and
compacted again into
rocks.
4. They will be up folded and
form new mountain ranges.
, igneous rock
they are rocks formed by fire, and are associated with volcanic activity
the magma from the centre reacjes the surface during a volcanic eruption, once it cools down and hardens. granite and
basalt are 2 of the most common type.
granite is formed by the magma forced into rocks during the formation of fold mountains, along detructive boundaries.
basalt is formed by the lava that pours out of volcanoes along constructive plate boundaries
sedimentary rocks
they are made of sedimetns (small particles of rock broken of rocks outcroping on the earths surface by weatherin and erosion), they
probably reach the sea bed where thay are settled and accumulated in layers, overtime the new layers compress the old ones an creates
rocks.
sandstone is a common sedimentary rock that consist of grains of sand, also clay and shells are also sedimentary rocks formed by the
compretion of mud
methamorphic rocks
they are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure in the earths crsut.
rocks in contact with new magma flows are changed by the heat. rocks on plate boundaries are changed by pressure are stress.
limestone is changed into marble and clay into slate
Rock and mineral extraction
rocks and minerals are cheap
and easy to extract when they
are near the earth’s surface.
Useful rocks or mineral resource
can be extract by quarrying
(extracting rock & stone from
surface), open cast mining
(extracts minerals from the
surface), both leave a large hole
in the ground.
Minerals are more expensive
and difficult to extract while
being located too deep for
surface mining. The first stage is
to undertake a careful geological
survey to discover the rocks
below, based on this they can
estimate the position and
amount of minerals. The next
step is to sink a deep mine.
Deep mining of the two types of mining is much more dangerous. The roof of the tunnel
needs to be supported, sometimes the roof collapse and miners get trapped, injured or
killed. In others mines there are problems with floods or gas, increasing the danger of fire
and explosion.
, FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DECISION TO EXTRACT ROCKS AND MINERALS
A mineral resource
needs to be viable to
extract, meaning it has
to be worthwhile for a
company to extract,
meaning the mineral
needs to be large
enough and a sufficient
value to be
economically viable.
They will likely go ahead
with mining if they think
they can make a profit
from it.
Whether or not a mineral is viable, deepens on:
Supply, the amount of the resource that exist and known reserves that can be
exploited
Demand, the amount of people that needs it.
ROCKS AND MINERALS IMPACTS ON THE ENVIORMENT
The negative effects on the local
environment are increased by the crushing
and refining of minimal ores, which often
takes place close to the mine. Dust and
fumes from chimneys during the crushing,
refining and smelting of mineral ores cause air pollution.
River and streams are polluted by water flowing through old mine workings. Plants fish and
other water creatures are killed by the high concentration of mineral and shortage of oxygen
Open cast mining leaves bigger scars on the landscape than
deep mining. As more of the minerals is mined, the surface
pit is widened and deepened. Although mining is vital for
economic development, it is difficult to find any good impacts
of mining on the environment.
The hot core, is hotter than 4000‘c,
is surrounded by the mantle.
The mantle is a thick shell of molten
rock.
The outer part of the mantle is the
source for the magma that reaches
the Earth’s surface during a
volcanic eruption.
Floating on the mantle is the crust,
which form the surface layer of
rocks and minerals.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
it’s made by different types of rocks, some provide us with useful products like building
stone, minerals and metals. Most of the land has a surface that’s cover by soil, its
created by the breakdown of rocks.
FORMATION OF ROCKS
When volcanos erupt, the magma released as lava and ash cool to form a new rock
Sediments already on the earth’s surface, are compressed and folded up by the
earth movements forming chains of high fold mountains.
Over time, the rocks that are exposed are broken into smaller pieces by weathering.
There are different types of weathering (physical, chemical and biological)
The main type that breaks up rock in high mountain areas is freeze- thaw.
1. Rocks are eroded by
water, ice and wind and
carried away
2. The rocks fragments,
reaches the sea and they
are deposited on the sea
bed
3. They are accumulated and
compacted again into
rocks.
4. They will be up folded and
form new mountain ranges.
, igneous rock
they are rocks formed by fire, and are associated with volcanic activity
the magma from the centre reacjes the surface during a volcanic eruption, once it cools down and hardens. granite and
basalt are 2 of the most common type.
granite is formed by the magma forced into rocks during the formation of fold mountains, along detructive boundaries.
basalt is formed by the lava that pours out of volcanoes along constructive plate boundaries
sedimentary rocks
they are made of sedimetns (small particles of rock broken of rocks outcroping on the earths surface by weatherin and erosion), they
probably reach the sea bed where thay are settled and accumulated in layers, overtime the new layers compress the old ones an creates
rocks.
sandstone is a common sedimentary rock that consist of grains of sand, also clay and shells are also sedimentary rocks formed by the
compretion of mud
methamorphic rocks
they are rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure in the earths crsut.
rocks in contact with new magma flows are changed by the heat. rocks on plate boundaries are changed by pressure are stress.
limestone is changed into marble and clay into slate
Rock and mineral extraction
rocks and minerals are cheap
and easy to extract when they
are near the earth’s surface.
Useful rocks or mineral resource
can be extract by quarrying
(extracting rock & stone from
surface), open cast mining
(extracts minerals from the
surface), both leave a large hole
in the ground.
Minerals are more expensive
and difficult to extract while
being located too deep for
surface mining. The first stage is
to undertake a careful geological
survey to discover the rocks
below, based on this they can
estimate the position and
amount of minerals. The next
step is to sink a deep mine.
Deep mining of the two types of mining is much more dangerous. The roof of the tunnel
needs to be supported, sometimes the roof collapse and miners get trapped, injured or
killed. In others mines there are problems with floods or gas, increasing the danger of fire
and explosion.
, FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE DECISION TO EXTRACT ROCKS AND MINERALS
A mineral resource
needs to be viable to
extract, meaning it has
to be worthwhile for a
company to extract,
meaning the mineral
needs to be large
enough and a sufficient
value to be
economically viable.
They will likely go ahead
with mining if they think
they can make a profit
from it.
Whether or not a mineral is viable, deepens on:
Supply, the amount of the resource that exist and known reserves that can be
exploited
Demand, the amount of people that needs it.
ROCKS AND MINERALS IMPACTS ON THE ENVIORMENT
The negative effects on the local
environment are increased by the crushing
and refining of minimal ores, which often
takes place close to the mine. Dust and
fumes from chimneys during the crushing,
refining and smelting of mineral ores cause air pollution.
River and streams are polluted by water flowing through old mine workings. Plants fish and
other water creatures are killed by the high concentration of mineral and shortage of oxygen
Open cast mining leaves bigger scars on the landscape than
deep mining. As more of the minerals is mined, the surface
pit is widened and deepened. Although mining is vital for
economic development, it is difficult to find any good impacts
of mining on the environment.
