BIOL 235 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE (REVISED).

BIOL 235 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE (REVISED). Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. define the terms anatomy and physiology. 2. define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system and organism. 3. identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the major functions of each system. 4. identify the basic life processes of the human body. 5. define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis. 6. describe the components of a feedback system. 7. compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. 8. explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease. 9. describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body. 10. define the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the human body. , by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them. Keywords and Topics BIOL 235 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY STUDY GUIDE (REVISED). Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts. 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology. A. anatomy B. dissection C. physiology 2. Define the following levels of structural organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organism. A. chemical level I. atom II. molecule B. cellular level I. cell C. tissue level I. tissue D. organ level I. organ E. system level I. system F. organismal level I. organism 3. Identify the 11 systems of the human body, list representative organs of each system, and describe the major functions of each system. A. systems: integumentary; skeletal; muscular; nervous; endocrine; cardiovascular; lymphatic; respiratory; digestive; urinary; reproductive Note: Learn the major components and functions for each system. 4. Define the basic life processes of the human body. A. metabolism I. catabolism II. anabolism B. responsiveness C. movement D. growth E. differentiation I. stem cells F. reproduction G. autopsy I. necropsy 5. Define the term homeostasis, and explain the effects of stress on homeostasis. A. homeostasis B. body fluids I. intracellular fluid (ICF) II. extracellular fluid (ECF) a. interstitial fluid = internal environment b. blood plasma c. lymph d. cerebrospinal fluid e. synovial fluid f. aqueous humor g. vitreous body 6. Describe the components of a feedback system. A. control of homeostasis; nerve impulses and hormones B. feedback system (feedback loop); controlled condition; stimulus C. receptor; afferent pathway; input D. control center; output; efferent pathway E. effector; response 7. Compare the operation of negative and positive feedback systems. A. negative feedback systems; baroreceptors B. positive feedback systems 8. Explain the relationship between homeostasis and disease. A. disorder B. disease C. symptoms D. signs E. diagnosis 9. Describe the anatomical position, and compare common and anatomical terms used to describe various regions, of the human body. A. anatomical position I. prone position II. supine position B. regional names Note: Learn the common names for the major parts of the human body. 10. Define the terms describing directions and anatomical planes used in association with the human body. A. directional terms Note: Learn all directional terms and their definitions from Exhibit 1.A. B. planes C. sagittal plane I. midsagittal plane (median plane); midline II. parasagittal plane D. frontal or coronal plane E. transverse plane (cross-sectional, horizontal) F. oblique plane G. section (midsagittal, frontal, transverse) 11. List, by name and location, the principal body cavities and the organs contained within them. A. body cavities B. cranial cavity C. vertebral (spinal) canal I. meninges D. thoracic cavity I. pericardial cavity II. pleural cavity III. mediastinum IV. diaphragm E. abdominopelvic cavity I. abdominal cavity II. pelvic cavity III. viscera Complete the “Chapter Review and Resource Summary” at the end of the chapter. Work through the “Critical Thinking Questions” for this chapter in WileyPLUS and ORION. BIOLOGY 235 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Study Guide Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Objectives After completing this chapter, you should be able to 1. identify, by name and symbol, the principal chemical elements of the human body. 2. describe the basic structure of an atom, ion, molecule and compound. 3. explain, briefly, how ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds are formed. 4. define the term chemical reaction, and explain the basic differences between synthesis, decomposition, exchange and reversible reactions. Note: Skip “Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes” and “Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants.” 5. list and compare the properties of inorganic acids, bases, salts and water. 6. define the term pH, and explain the role of buffer systems in homeostasis. 7. compare the structure and functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). 8. describe the characteristics of enzymes, and discuss their functions. Keywords and Topics Make certain that you can define, and use in context, each of the terms listed below, and that you understand the significance of each of the concepts. 1. Identify, by name and symbol, the principal chemical elements of the human body. A. chemical element B. chemical symbol C. major elements D. lesser elements E. trace elements 2. Describe the basic structure of an atom, ion, molecule, compound and free radicle. A. atom B. subatomic particles I. nucleus a. proton b. neutron II. electrons a. electron shells C. atomic number D. mass number E. isotopes F. atomic mass G. ion I. ionization H. molecule I. compound J. free radical.