Test Bank for Ecology: The Economy of Nature 9th Edition by Rick Relyea

Test bank for Ecology: The Economy of Nature 9e 9th Edition by Rick Relyea. ISBN-13: 5542 Full Chapters test bank included Chapter 1 An Introduction to Ecology 1.1 Ecological Systems Exist in A Hierarchy of Organization Individuals Populations Communities Ecosystems The Landscape The Biosphere 1.2 Physical and Biological Principles Govern Ecological Systems Conservation of Matter and Energy Dynamic Steady States Evolution 1.3 Different Organisms Play Diverse Roles in Ecological Systems Categorizing Species Based on Sources of Energy Types of Species Interspecific Interactions Habitat Versus Niche 1.4 Scientists Use Several Approaches to Studying Ecology Testing Hypotheses with Manipulative Experiments Working with Ecological Data Alternative Approaches to Manipulative Experiments 1.5 Humans Influence Ecological Systems The Role of Ecologists Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Manipulative Experiment on Lake Algae Chapter 2 Climates and Biomes 2.1 Earth is Warmed by the Sun, but is Even Warmer Due to the Greenhouse Effect The Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gases 2.2 Atmospheric Currents Affect the Distribution of Climates The Path and Angle of the Sun Seasonal Heating of Earth Working with Ecological Data Formation of Atmospheric Currents The Coriolis Effect 2.3 Ocean Currents also Affect the Distribution of Climates Gyres Upwelling The El Niño–Southern Oscillation Thermohaline Circulation 2.4 Smaller-Scale Geographic Features can Affect Regional and Local Climates Proximity to Coasts Continental Land Area Rain Shadows 2.5 Terrestrial Biomes are Categorized by Their Major Plant Growth Forms Climate Diagrams Working with Ecological Data 2.6 There are Nine Categories of Terrestrial Biomes Tundras Boreal Forests Temperate Rainforests Temperate Seasonal Forests Woodlands/Shrublands Temperate Grasslands/Cold Deserts Tropical Rainforests Tropical Seasonal Forests/Savannas Subtropical Deserts 2.7 Aquatic Biomes are Categorized by Flow, Depth, and Salinity Streams and Rivers Ponds and Lakes Freshwater Wetlands Salt Marshes/Estuaries Mangrove Swamps Intertidal Zones Coral Reefs The Open Ocean Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Shifting Boreal Forests in Alaska Chapter 3 The Challenges of Living in Aquatic Environments 3.1 Water has Many Properties that Affect how Aquatic Organisms Live Water’s Thermal Properties Water Density Water Viscosity Water Depth Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients 3.2 Meeting the Challenge of Water and Salt Balance Adaptations for Osmoregulation in Freshwater Animals Adaptations for Osmoregulation in Saltwater Animals Adaptations for Osmoregulation in Aquatic Plants The Increasing Salinization of Fresh Water Working with Ecological Data 3.3 Aquatic Organisms Face the Challenge of Exchanging Gases Carbon Dioxide Oxygen 3.4 Temperature Limits the Occurrence of Aquatic Life Thermoregulation Thermal Optima Adaptations to Heat Adaptations to Cold Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Can Saltwater Species Osmoregulate in Fresh Water? Chapter 4 The Challenges of Living in Terrestrial Environments 4.1 Most Terrestrial Plants Obtain Nutrients and Water from the Soil Soil Formation Soil Structure and its Capacity to Hold Water Soil Nutrients Osmotic Pressure and Water Uptake Transpiration 4.2 Terrestrial Plants have Adaptations for Photosynthesis Adaptive Photosynthetic Pathways Structural Adaptations of Plants to Water Stress 4.3 Terrestrial Environments Pose a Challenge for Animals to Balance Water, Salt, and Nitrogen Water and Salt Balance in Animals Working with Ecological Data Water and Nitrogen Balance in Animals 4.4 Adaptations to Different Temperatures Allow Terrestrial Life to Exist Around the Planet Sources of Heat Gain and Loss Body Size and Thermal Inertia Thermoregulation Adaptations of Animal Circulatory Systems Plant Adaptations to Cold Temperatures Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Estimating the Surface Areas and Volumes of Owls Chapter 5 Adaptations to Variable Environments 5.1 Environmental Variation Favors the Evolution of Variable Phenotypes Temporal Environmental Variation Spatial Environmental Variation Phenotypic Trade-Offs Environmental Cues Response Speed and Reversibility 5.2 Many Organisms Have Evolved Adaptations to Variation in Enemies, Competitors, and Mates Enemies Competition for Scarce Resources Mates 5.3 Many Organisms Have Evolved Adaptations to Variable Abiotic Conditions Temperature Water Availability Salinity Oxygen Implications for Global Climate Change 5.4 Migration, Storage, and Dormancy are Strategies to Survive Extreme Environmental Variation Migration Energy Storage Dormancy 5.5 Variation in Food Quality and Quantity is the Basis of Optimal Foraging Theory Central Place Foraging Risk-Sensitive Foraging Optimal Diet Composition Diet Mixing End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: The Foraging Behavior of American Robins Chapter 6 Evolutionary Ecology 6.1 The Process of Evolution Depends on Genetic Variation Sources of Genetic Variation 6.2 Evolution Can Occur Through Random Processes Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effects Founder Effects 6.3 Evolution Can also Occur Through Selection, Which is a Nonrandom Process Stabilizing Selection Directional Selection Disruptive Selection Distinguishing Between Genetic Drift and Selection 6.4 Microevolution Operates at the Population Level Artificial Selection Can Be Intentional or Unintentional Natural Selection Favors Any Phenotypes with the Highest Fitness 6.5 Macroevolution Operates at the Species Level and Higher Levels of Taxonomic Organization Phylogenetic Trees Allopatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Natural Selection of Finch Beaks Chapter 7 Life Histories 7.1 Life History Traits Represent the Schedule of an Organism’s Life The Slow-To-Fast Life History Continuum Combinations of Life History Traits in Plants 7.2 Life History Traits are Shaped by Trade-Offs The Principle of Allocation Offspring Number Versus Offspring Size Offspring Number Versus Parental Care Fecundity and Parental Care Versus Parental Survival Growth Versus Age of Sexual Maturity and Life Span 7.3 Organisms Differ in the Number of Times That They Reproduce, But They All Eventually Become Senescent Semelparity and Iteroparity Senescence 7.4 Life Histories Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditions Stimuli for Change The Effects of Resources The Effects of Predation The Effects of Global Warming End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Effects of Selective Hunting on Bighorn Sheep Chapter 8 Reproductive Strategies 8.1 Reproduction Can Be Sexual or Asexual Sexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Costs of Sexual Reproduction Benefits of Sexual Reproduction 8.2 Sexually Reproducing Organisms Can Evolve to Have Separate Sexes or to Be Hermaphrodites Comparing Strategies Selfing Versus Outcrossing of Hermaphrodites Mixed Mating Strategies 8.3 Sex Ratios of Offspring Are Typically Balanced, but They Can Be Modified by Natural Selection Mechanisms of Sex Determination Offspring Sex Ratio Working with Ecological Data 8.4 Mating Systems Describe the Pattern of Mating Between Males and Females Promiscuity Polygamy Monogamy 8.5 Sexual Selection Favors Traits That Facilitate Reproduction Sexual Dimorphism The Evolution of Female Choice Runaway Sexual Selection The Handicap Principle Sexual Conflict Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Frequency-Dependent Selection Chapter 9 Social Behaviors 9.1 Living in Groups Has Costs and Benefits Benefits of Living in Groups Costs of Living in Groups Territories Dominance Hierarchies 9.2 There are Four Types of Social Interactions The Four Types of Social Interactions Altruism and Kin Selection Working with Ecological Data 9.3 Eusocial Species Take Social Interactions to the Extreme Eusociality in Ants, Bees, and Wasps Eusociality in Other Species The Origins of Eusociality 9.4 Social Interactions Also Exist in Plants Social Responses to Herbivory Social Responses to Competition Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: How Living in Groups Affects Predation Risk Chapter 10 Population Distributions 10.1 The Distribution of Populations Is Limited to Ecologically Suitable Habitats Determining Suitable Habitats Ecological Niche Modeling Habitat Suitability and Climate Change 10.2 Population Distributions Have Five Important Characteristics Geographic Range Abundance Density Dispersion Dispersal 10.3 The Distribution Properties of Populations Can Be Estimated Direct Counts of Individuals Working with Ecological Data Indirect Counts of Individuals Quantifying the Dispersal of Individuals 10.4 Population Abundance and Density Are Related to Geographic Range and Adult Body Size Population Abundance and Geographic Range Population Density and Adult Body Size 10.5 Dispersal Is Essential to Colonizing New Areas Dispersal Limitation Habitat Corridors Ideal Free Distribution Among Habitats Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: An Ideal Free Distribution Chapter 11 Population Growth and Regulation 11.1 Populations Can Grow Rapidly Under Ideal Conditions The Exponential Growth Model The Geometric Growth Model Comparing the Exponential and Geometric Growth Models Population Doubling Time 11.2 Populations Have Growth Limits Density-Independent Factors Density-Dependent Factors Positive Density Dependence The Logistic Growth Model Predicting Human Population Growth with the Logistic Equation 11.3 Life Tables Demonstrate the Effects of Age, Size, and Life-history Stage on Population Growth Age Structure Survivorship Curves Life Tables Working with Ecological Data Collecting Data for Life Tables Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Survivorship Curves Chapter 12 Population Dynamics over Time and Space 12.1 Population Size Fluctuates Naturally over Time Fluctuations in Age Structure Overshoots and Die-Offs 12.2 Density Dependence With Time Delays Can Cause Population Size to be Inherently Cyclic The Cycling of Populations Around Their Carrying Capacities Delayed Density Dependence Population Sizes Cycle in Laboratory Populations 12.3 Chance Events Can Cause Small Populations to Go Extinct Extinction in Small Populations Extinction Due to Variation in Population Growth Rates 12.4 Metapopulations are Composed of Subpopulations that Experience Independent Population Dynamics The Fragmented Nature of Habitats Conceptual Models of Spatial Structure The Basic Model of Metapopulation Dynamics Observing Metapopulation Dynamics in Nature The Importance of Patch Size and Patch Isolation End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Exploring the Equilibrium of the Basic Metapopulation Model Chapter 13 Predation and Herbivory 13.1 Predators and Herbivores Can Limit the Abundance of Populations They Consume Predator–Prey Interactions Mesopredators Herbivore-Producer Interactions 13.2 Populations of Consumers and Consumed Populations Fluctuate in Regular Cycles Creating Predator–Prey Cycles in the Laboratory Mathematical Models of Predator–Prey Cycles 13.3 Predators and Herbivores Respond to Food Availability with Functional and Numerical Responses Functional Responses Numerical Responses 13.4 Predation and Herbivory Favor the Evolution of Defenses Defenses Against Predators Defenses Against Herbivores Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: The Functional Response of Wolves Chapter 14 Parasitism and Infectious Diseases 14.1 Many Different Types of Parasites Affect the Abundance of Host Species Ectoparasites Endoparasites Emerging Infectious Diseases 14.2 Parasite and Host Dynamics are Determined by the Probability that the Parasite can Infect the Host Mechanisms of Parasite Transmission Modes of Entering the Host Jumping Between Species Reservoir Species The Host’s Immune System The Impact of Global Climate Change on Host–Parasite Interactions 14.3 Parasite and Host Populations Commonly Fluctuate in Regular Cycles Population Fluctuations in Laboratory Experiments Population Fluctuations in Nature Modeling Parasite and Host Populations 14.4 Parasites have Evolved Offensive Strategies, While Hosts Have Evolved Defensive Strategies Parasite Adaptations Host Adaptations Coevolution of Hosts and Parasites Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Time-Series Data Chapter 15 Competition 15.1 Competition Occurs When Individuals Experience Limited Resources The Role of Resources The Competitive Exclusion Principle 15.2 The Theory of Competition is an Extension of the Logistic Growth Model Competition for a Single Resource Competition for Multiple Resources 15.3 The Outcome of Competition can be Altered by Abiotic Conditions, Disturbances, and Interactions with Other Species Abiotic Conditions Disturbances Predation and Herbivory 15.4 Competition can Occur Through Exploitation, Interference, or Apparent Competition Interference Competition: Aggressive Interactions Interference Competition: Allelopathy Apparent Competition Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Competition for a Shared Resource Chapter 16 Mutualism 16.1 Mutualisms can Provide Water, Nutrients, and Places to Live Resource Acquisition in Plants Resource Acquisition in Animals 16.2 Mutualisms can Aid in Defense Against Enemies Plant Defense Animal Defense 16.3 Mutualisms can Facilitate Pollination and Seed Dispersal Pollination Seed Dispersal 16.4 Mutualisms can Change When Conditions Change Shifting from Mutualism to Negative Interactions Dealing with Cheaters in Mutualisms 16.5 Mutualisms can Affect Species Distributions, Communities, and Ecosystems Effects on Species Distributions Mutualism’s Effects on Communities Mutualism’s Effects on Ecosystem Function Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Ecosystem Function of Fungi Chapter 17 Community Structure 17.1 Communities Can Have Distinct or Gradual Boundaries Community Zonation Categorizing Communities Ecotones Communities With Interdependent Versus Independent Species Distributions 17.2 Community Diversity Incorporates Both the Number and Relative Abundance of Species Patterns of Abundance Among Species Working with Ecological Data Rank-Abundance Curves 17.3 Species Diversity is Affected by Resource Availability, Habitat Diversity and Connectivity, Keystone Species, and Disturbances Resources that Affect Productivity Habitat Diversity and Connectivity Keystone Species Disturbances 17.4 Communities are Organized Into Food Webs Trophic Levels Direct Versus Indirect Effects Top-down and Bottom-up Effects Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Log-Normal Distributions and Rank-Abundance Curves Chapter 18 Community Succession 18.1 Succession Occurs in a Community as Species Replace Each Other Over Time Observing Succession Succession in Terrestrial Environments Succession in Aquatic Environments Change in Species Diversity 18.2 Succession Can Occur Through Multiple Mechanisms Traits of Early- Versus Late-Succession Species Working with Ecological Data Facilitation, Inhibition, and Tolerance Tests for the Mechanisms of Succession 18.3 Succession Does Not Always Produce a Single Climax Community Changes in Climax Communities Over Time Changes in Climax Communities Over Space Transient Climaxes Creating Gaps in a Climax Community 18.4 Communities Respond to Disturbances With Resistance, Resilience, or Switching Between Alternative Stable States Community Stability Alternative Stable States Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Species Richness at Glacier Bay Chapter 19 Movement of Energy in Ecosystems 19.1 Primary Productivity Provides Energy to the Ecosystem Primary Productivity Measuring Primary Productivity The Brown Food Web Secondary Production 19.2 Net Primary Productivity Differs Among Ecosystems Net Primary Productivity Around the World Drivers of NPP in Terrestrial Ecosystems Drivers of NPP in Aquatic Ecosystems 19.3 The Movement of Energy Depends on the Efficiency of Energy Flow Trophic Pyramids The Efficiencies of Energy Transfers Working with Ecological Data Residence Times Stoichiometry Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: NPP Versus the Total Primary Productivity of Ecosystems Chapter 20 Movement of Elements in Ecosystems 20.1 The Hydrologic Cycle Moves Many Elements Through Ecosystems The Hydrologic Cycle Human Impacts on the Hydrologic Cycle 20.2 The Carbon Cycle Is Closely Tied to the Movement of Energy The Carbon Cycle Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle 20.3 Nitrogen Cycles Through Ecosystems in Many Different Forms The Nitrogen Cycle Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle 20.4 Phosphorus Cycles Between Land and Water The Phosphorus Cycle Human Impacts on the Phosphorus Cycle 20.5 In Terrestrial Ecosystems, Most Nutrients Are Generated From Organic Matter in the Soil The Importance of Weathering The Breakdown of Organic Matter Working with Ecological Data Decomposition Rates Among Terrestrial Ecosystems 20.6 In Aquatic Ecosystems, Most Nutrients Are Generated From Organic Matter in the Sediments Allochthonous Inputs to Streams and Wetlands Decomposition and Sedimentation in Rivers, Lakes, and Oceans Stratification of Lakes and Oceans Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: The Decomposition of Organic Matter Chapter 21 Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity 21.1 Landscape Ecology Is the Study of Ecological Patterns and Processes at Large Spatial Scales Causes of Habitat Heterogeneity Relationships Between Habitat Heterogeneity and Species Diversity Local and Regional Species Diversity The Role of Ecological Heterogeneity 21.2 The Number of Species Increases With Increased Geographic Area Species–area Relationships Habitat Fragmentation Working with Ecological Data 21.3 The Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography Incorporates Habitat Area and Isolation The Evidence The Theory Applying the Theory to the Design of Nature Reserves 21.4 Biodiversity Is Highest Near the Equator and Lowest Toward the Poles Patterns of Diversity Processes That Underlie Patterns of Diversity Across Latitudes 21.5 The Distribution of Species Around the World Is Also Affected by Earth’s History Continental Drift Biogeographic Regions Historic Climate Change Ecology Today: Applying the Concepts End of Chapter Summary of Learning Objectives Critical Thinking Questions Ecological Problem Solving: Species Accumulation Curves Chapter 22 Conservation of Global Biodiversity 22.1 The Value of Biodiversity Arises From Social, Economic, and Ecological Considerations Instrumental Values Intrinsic Values 22.2 The Current Rate of Extinction Is Unprecedented Background Extinction Rates A Possible Sixth Mass Extinction Global Declines In Species Diversity Global Declines In Genetic Diversity 22.3 Human Activities Are Causing the Loss of Biodiversity Habitat Loss Overharvesting Introduced Species Pollution Working With Ecological Data Global Climate Change 22.4 Conservation Efforts Can Slow or Reverse Declines in Bio