PYC2601 EXAM PACK 2023

PYC2601 Exam Pack 2018-2-2 inclusive education a (University of South Africa) lOMoARcPSD| Pg. 1 Contents Welcome ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 May/June 2013 Exam Question and Solutions .......................................................................................... 3 October/November 2014 Exam Questions and Solutions .................................................................... 29 May/June 2014 Exam Questions and Solutions ...................................................................................... 53 October/November 2015 Exam Questions and Solutions .................................................................... 79 May/June 2015 Exam Questions and Solutions .................................................................................... 106 May/June 2016 Exam Questions and Solutions .................................................................................... 131 Thank You................................................................................................................................................... 147 lOMoARcPSD| Pg. 2 Welcome Welcome to your PYC2601 Exam Pack. We hope you enjoyed studying this subject this semester, and we hope that you will find the information provided useful. Inside, you will find questions and solution to past exam papers, so I do hope that the content inside will help you along the way in conquering this subject. Together We Pass EMAIL WEB FB GOOGLE+ TWITTER lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 3 May/June 2013 Exam Question and Solutions QUESTION 1 Freud's theory is based on the assumptions that human beings a) determine their own personalities by the kind of moral choices they make b) are driven by persistent forces in the psyche which are in conflict with the norms of society c) function with the help of energy which is converted from a physical-biological form to psychic energy d) try to experience drive satisfaction in a goal-directed and meaningful way The correct answer is: 1) (a) 2) (b) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (b) & (d) The correct answer is (3) PB p52, 56 8Freud believes that the human psyche functions with the help of energy which is converted from a physicalbiological form to psychic energy according to the familiar physical principle of energy transformation.9 Therefore (c) is correct. 8According to Freud, the person is caught up in a constant conflict between drives within the psyche and the demands and norms of society...9 Therefore (b) is correct. The only option that incorporates both (b) and (c) is (3). Therefore the answer is (3). QUESTION 2 Freud asserted that the id, ego and superego function on different levels of consciousness. In view of this contention, which one of the following statements is correct? 1) The id functions on the unconscious level, the ego on the preconscious level and the superego on the conscious level 2) The id functions on the unconscious and preconscious levels and the ego and superego on the conscious level 3) The id functions primarily on the unconscious level but also on the preconscious level, and the ego and superego function equally on all three levels of consciousness 4) The id functions primarily on the unconscious level but also on the preconscious level, and the ego and superego function on all three levels of consciousness, although not to the same extent The correct answer is (4) PB p53 8The id functions almost exclusively on the unconscious level, although it can, at times, make its wishes felt in the pre-conscious level (in dreams for example). The ego and the superego function on all three levels of consciousness, although not to the same extent.9 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 4 QUESTION 3 In Freudian terminology, cathexis refers to 1) The psychic energy that is transferred onto appropriate objects of drive satisfaction in a way that makes these objects attractive or desirable 2) A sexual climax 3) The release the ego experiences when it is freed from the conflicting interplay of the id, the physical reality and the superego 4) The cathartic relief of tension after a long build-up of tension due to delayed drive satisfaction The correct answer is (1) PB p91 8Cathexis: the ego9s attempt to establish, on rational grounds, whether or not an object is serviceable9 QUESTION 4 Thabo is faced with the conflict of sexually desiring his best friend's wife According to Freud, the most effective strategy Thabo could employ to deal with this conflict is to 1) Resist the temptation and repress his drive out of loyalty to his friend 2) Fully satisfy his desire by secretly having sex with his best friend's wife 3) Deny that he has any such desire by becoming convinced that his best friend's wife is actually quite unattractive 4) sublimate his desire for his best friend's wife by having sex with his own wife The correct answer is (4) PB p68, 69 8The most effective form of displacement, and therefore the most effective defense mechanism, is sublimation. Sublimation consists of finding displacement objects and actions which are regarded by society as culturally valuable. When a person employs sublimation he or she expresses his or her unacceptable 8base9 drives in an acceptable or even valuable way, thereby raising these lower drives to something 8sublime9.9 QUESTION 5 After the divorce of his parents and the trauma of being left with his penniless mother while his father took off with his mistress, five year old Johnny, who was toilet trained when he was two, began wetting his bed The Freudian analyst, whom Johnny's mother consults for help, will most likely explain Johnny's behaviour as 1) Regression and fixation as a result of feeling overwhelmed by anxiety 2) The repression of sexual feelings towards his mother now that the rival figure of the father is out of the way 3) The sublimation of aggressive feelings towards the father who left them 4) The projection of castration anxiety in the act of wetting his bed Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 5 The correct answer is (2) PB p74, 75 Although option (1) seems plausible, we have to remember that the analyst Johnny9s mother is seeing, is a Freudian analyst. Read Freud9s Oedipus complex on page 74 and 75. According to Freud, a boy between the ages of three to five or six 8develops sexual desires in relation to his mother and would like to take on his father9s sexual function. Because his father has a sexual relationship with his mother and because the boy realise he cannot succeed in replacing his father in a sexual respect, he becomes jealous and even feels acute hatred for his father.9 QUESTION 6 A pastor has a frigid wife who refuses to have sexual relations with him He preaches hellfire and damnation on everyone who commits adultery. He begins advocating a strict dress code for the women in his congregation - they have to wear long skirts and high-necked blouses with long sleeves. According to Freudian theory, the defence mechanism which best explains the pastor's behaviour is: 1) Regression 2) Identification 3) Rationalisation 4) Reaction formation The correct answer is (4) PB p64 8Reaction formation is a mechanism whereby the individual tries to keep a forbidden desire unconscious by adopting a fanatical stance that gives the impression that he or she experiences exactly the opposite desire.9 QUESTION 7 Freud regards dreams as the royal road to the unconscious because a) there is no other way that repressed material can be brought to light b) dreams contain disguised wishes and desires which allow the analyst, by the method of free association , to uncover the underlying problems c) during sleep the preconscious censoring of the ego is less effective than during the waking state, allowing forbidden but disguised desires to break through to consciousness The correct answer is: 1) (a), (b) & (c) 2) (a) & (c) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (a) The correct answer is (1) PB p70 Although (a) seems incorrect, Freud believed that 8dreams result from the repression of desires which, because of the influence of the superego, can be fulfilled only in a distorted way during sleep.9 Therefore the assumption is that Freud believed that there is no other way repressed material can come to light. Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 6 Both (b) and (c) are correct according to the material on page 70. Therefore (1) is correct. QUESTION 8 A mother, who breastfed her baby, wants to return to work and starts feeding her baby from a bottle and then a cup in order to wean her. The baby begins to suck her thumb, blanket and pillow. According to psychoanalytic theory, this baby may a) become fixated at the oral stage of development b) develop an over dependence on other people c) fail to actualise her organismic potential d) develop a weak ego The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a), (b) & (d) 3) (a) & (b) 4) (c) & (d) The correct answer is (3) PB p73 8Fixation or partial fixation in the oral stage results in a personality type which Freud calls the 8oral personality9 type. The typical characteristics of this type are an inordinate dependence on other people…9 Therefore (b) is correct. Both (c) and (d) is incorrect. Therefore (3) is the correct answer. QUESTION 9 The psychoanalytic description of the optimally developed personality will include characteristics such as a) full self-actualisation b) the freedom to find meaning and purpose in life c) the ability to love and to work d) an effective reality testing capability The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (c) & (d) 3) (c) 4) (d) Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 7 The correct answer is (2) PB p78 Freud summarised the attributes of people with a genital character (the personality type that comes closest to representing the ideal of balanced conflict management), as 8the ability to love and to work.9 Therefore (c) is correct. Freud also believed that 8the genital character type9s ego is capable of effective reality testing.9 Therefore (d) is correct. 8Freud does not provide a lot of detail on optimal development…9 therefore 9meaning and purpose9 and 8selfactualisation9 as described by other theorists, does not come into play. Therefore both (a) and (b) is incorrect. The answer is thus (2) QUESTION 10 According to Freud, psychological disorders are a) caused by an imbalance in the structure of the personality b) an extreme, exaggerated form of normal behaviour c) the result of fixation in a stage d) the result of an ego that is too weak to handle the conflict between the id and superego effectively The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) & (b) 3) (c) & (d) 4) (a), (c) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB 79 Freud 8views abnormal behaviour as merely an extreme and exaggerated form of normal behaviour. Psychological disorders, according to Freud, are caused by an imbalance in the structure of the personality. Basically this means that the ego is too weak to handle conflict between the id and the superego effectively. Such an inability on the part of the ego has both historical and contemporary causes.9 One of the historical causes listed is; Fixation in a stage. Therefore the correct answer is 8All of the above.9 QUESTIONS ON THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING APPROACH Read the following story and then answer Questions 11 to 15 In terms of Bandura 's theory. Thabo plays hooker for his school's first rugby team. He is coached by a famous Springbok scrum-half, Mr Joost. Thabo's younger brother, Vusi and their father attend all the practice sessions. Mr Joost demonstrates all the important movements, which the team copies faithfully. He points out to Thabo that he tends to throw the ball in skew in the line-outs. Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 8 Mr Joost shows Thabo a special throw-in technique to use in the line-outs. Thabo gets it right and he is very proud of himself when he is chosen for the national team. His father is so excited about Thabo's achievement that he buys him the most sought-after rugby ball on the market. The younger brother, Vusi, is beside himself with excitement and pride regarding his elder brother's achievement. He wishes he was old enough to play rugby so that he can also get a rugby ball like Thabo. One day Mr Joost is late for the practice session and some of the children start playing in his absence. Vusi begs them to let him play too, and to everybody's surprise, little Vusi flawlessly uses the special throw-in technique Mr Joost taught Thabo. Vusi grins all over his face with pride . QUESTION 11 What kinds of learning, according to Bandura's theory, are involved in the younger brother Vusi9s learning process? 1) Direct learning and self-regulation 2) Observational and direct learning 3) Observational learning and self-regulation 4) Observational learning, direct learning and self-regulation The correct answer is (4) PB p306, 307, 312 QUESTION 12 What kinds of reinforcement are clearly involved in the learning process of Thabo, the elder brother? a) Direct reinforcement b) Vicarious reinforcement c) Internal self-reinforcement d) External self-reinforcement The correct answer is: 1) (a) & (c) 2) (b) & (d) 3) (a), (c) & (d) 4) All of the above The correct answer is (3) SG p92 Refer to the hints in the Study Guide p92 QUESTION 13 The new rugby ball serves as a __ in the learning process of Vusi, the younger brother 1) Direct reinforcer 2) Vicarious reinforcer Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 9 3) Internal self-reinforcer 4) External self-reinforcer The correct answer is (2) SG p92 This is illustrated by how the observer who observe how a model is rewarded for his behaviour. Since Vusi is the observer, it would be a vicarious reinforce. QUESTION 14 The fact that Vusi, the younger brother, throws the ball in perfectly in the line-out, like his brother who learnt to throw the ball in straight after Mr Joost showed him a special throw-in technique. This indicates that took place in the case of Vusi 1) Imitation 2) Counter-imitation 3) Self-regulation 4) Negative reinforcement The correct answer is (1) SG p92 Imitation occurs when observers repeat the behaviour of the model. QUESTION 15 The fact that Mr Joost cautioned Thabo for throwing the ball in skew in the line-outs serves as (a) __ for Thabo, but as (b) __ for Vusi. 1) (a) direct punishment (b) vicarious punishment 2) (a) negative reinforcement (b) direct punishment 3) (a) Vicarious punishment (b) direct punishment 4) (a) direct punishment (external self-punishment The correct answer is (1) SG p92 Refer to the hints in the Study Guide p92 QUESTION 16 It is Tshepo's belief that he has failed his Personality Theories examination because the lecturers are prejudiced towards him. Pule on the other hand, has also failed the examination, but he feels that he did not spend enough time preparing for the examination and that his answers were too vague and not specific enough. Tshepo has an (a) __ locus of control, whereas Pule has an (b) __ locus of control. 1) (a) external (b) internal 2) (a) Internal (b) external 3) (a) Internal and external (b) internal Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 10 4) (a) external (b) internal and external The correct answer is (1) PB p322 8People who believe that they can exercise considerable control over what happens to them have an internal locus of control, whereas those who are inclined to believe that circumstances beyond their control determine their fate have an external locus of control.9 QUESTION 17 According to the social cognitive learning theory, a person who functions optimally is someone who 1) Has an external locus of control 2) Takes risks 3) Has a realistic self-efficacy perception 4) Has a freedom of choice The correct answer is (3) PB p314 8Optimally developed people are able to recognise and take into account the factors that are relevant to effective functioning in a given situation, even though these may be relatively complex, and succeed in producing behaviour which meets their own standards. These people have a realistic self-efficacy perception; in other words, they neither overestimate nor underestimate their own abilities.9 Read the following story and then answer Questions 18 and 19 Peter is a member of a soccer team. His coach uses the principles of social learning theory to improve his team's soccer-playing skills. For example, he gives Peter a new soccer jersey when he plays well and he takes his team to games when the South African Bafana-Bafana soccer team is playing. When the team wins they reward themselves by eating out. Despite all this, Peter believes that he simply does not have the talent to play well, and his game does not improve. QUESTION 18 According to Bandura's theory, Peter's functioning in this story is a reflection of someone who has a/an: 1) Low expectancy drive 2) Low self-efficacy perception 3) External locus of control 4) Forethought capability The correct answer is (2) PB p322 Refer to self-efficacy definition on p322 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 11 QUESTION 19 If Peter was to be referred for psychotherapy, what would someone who is practising from the framework of the social cognitive learning theory consider as the main aim of Peter's therapy? 1) To assist him to realise and acknowledge his ineffective way of handling demands 2) To improve his self-efficacy and change his encoding strategies 3) To teach him effective social skills 4) To teach him strategies to improve his talents The correct answer is (2) PB p316 QUESTION 20 Which one of the following statements about aggression is correct in terms of social cognitive learning theories? 1) Aggressive behaviour is acquired through direct learning, but not through observational learning 2) Aggressive behaviour is acquired through observational learning, but not through direct learning 3) Genetic and environmental factors contribute to aggressive behaviour in a person's behavioural repertoire 4) Environmental factors, but not genetic factors, contribute to aggressive behaviour in a person's behavioural repertoire The correct answer is (3) PB p319 8Potentially aggressive modes of behaviour are part of the behavioural repertoire. Another way of saying this is that, because of genetic and environmental factors, each person has certain ways of behaving at his or her disposal that can be harnessed for aggressive purposes.9 QUESTIONS ON MASLOW'S THEORY QUESTION 21 Which of the following statements most accurately explain Maslow's view of the person? a) An individual has the potential to reach his or her highest level of functioning b) An individual has an active will to develop, grow and reach his or her true potential c) Human behaviour can be explained in terms of need gratification since this largely forms the basis for growth and self-actualisation d) Human behaviour is goal-directed and an individual is viewed as the central figure in the actualisation of his or her own potential Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 12 The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (b), (c) & (d) 3) (a), (b) & (c) 4) (c) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB p338 Maslow9s view of the person is essentially optimistic. He acknowledges the positive aspects of human nature – the person9s dignity, his or her active will to develop; and he stresses the person9s functioning as an integrated whole.9 Therefore (b) is correct. 8Maslow believes that much human behaviour can be explained in terms of need gratification.9 Therefore (c) is correct. 8Theoretically, it lies within every individual9s reach and requires no change in a person9s basic nature.9 Therefore (a) is correct. <Goal-directed= also refers to the goal of satisfying needs. Read the passage that follows and answer Questions 22 and 23 The petrol attendants working for the local petrol station have always felt safe and secure in their work. However, the station is now under new management. The new manager feels that the station has too many employees and is working at a loss. He has devised a plan to reduce the working days for all of them, which results In salary reductions. Over and above that, a point system has been introduced, meaning that the lower the performance points one scores, the higher the chance for one to be retrenched. This unstable situation has left them feeling very helpless and insecure, and they fear that they will lose their jobs. QUESTION 22 On which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the petrol attendants' needs presently dominant? 1) Physiological needs 2) Safety needs 3) The need to belong 4) The need for self-esteem The correct answer is (2) PB p341 8Safety needs coming to the fore, may become dominant to such an extent that all functioning is directed towards achieving security, stability, protection, structure, law and order, limits, and freedom from fear.9 QUESTION 23 In terms of Maslow's theory, the workers' efforts to maintain high performance points, as an attempt to ensure their jobs, best describe which one of the following categories of motives? lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 13 1) Self-realisation motives/motivation 2) Growth motives/motivation 3) Deficiency motives/motivation 4) Survival motives/motivation The correct answer is (3) PB p340 8Maslow (1968) distinguishes between two general categories of motives, namely deficiency motives and growth motives. Deficiency motives refer to the first four levels of needs on the hierarchy, while growth motives refer to actualisation needs. Deficiency motives are directly related to the basic needs for survival, such as hunger, thirst and the need for safety, whose gratification brings about a decrease in tension.9 QUESTION 24 Nancy is a successful business woman. She is confident, at peace with herself, satisfied with her life and comfortable with whom she is. Which one of the following characteristics from Maslow's criteria for optimal functioning fits with the above scenario? 1) Exclusiveness 2) Self-acceptance 3) The democratic character structure 4) Task involvement The correct answer is (2) PB p347 8Just as self-actualisers observe reality more clearly, so they recognise human behaviour for what it is rather than as they would prefer it to be. They accept themselves and human nature unconditionally in the same way that children in their innocence experience the natural world without complaining that the trees are green or the stones hard (Maslow, 1970).9 QUESTION 25 Lerato was nominated the best accountant in her company. As a result of this, she was offered the position of chief accountant at one of the top companies in Cape Town. She however, turned the post down. Her reason being that she did not think she was qualified enough to handle the company's demands. In terms of Maslow's theory, do you think that Lerato will be able to reach her true potential or not? 1) Yes, this is an indication that Lerato has self-knowledge and self-insight into her own capabilities, and as such, does not want to overstretch herself 2) No, she underestimates her own abilities and talents, which will make it difficult for her to realise her true potential 3) Yes, Lerato's refusal of the job offer reflects her honesty and lack of pretence. These are important qualities necessary for one to self-actualise 4) No, she does not seem to want to develop her career and this reflects on how she handles her life demands in general. A self-actualiser needs to take risks Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 14 The correct answer is (2) QUESTION 26 According to Maslow, an individual who functions optimally is someone who a) has overcome the restrictions of the environment and is able to satisfy his or her needs on all four lower levels of the hierarchy on a regular basis b) does not pay particular attention to the moral and ethical codes of society but abides by his or her own rules c) has accepted the responsibility of self-actualisation and has become the best person that she or he can be d) has self-knowledge and self-insight, and observes and recognises reality for what it is The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (d) 3) (a), (c) & (d) 4) (a), (b) & (c) The correct answer is (1) PB p347-351 Refer to the characteristics of self-actualisers on pages 347-351 Accurate observation of reality Self-acceptance, accepting others and human nature Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness Task involvement Exclusiveness: the need for privacy Autonomy: being independent of culture and environment Consistent renewal of appreciation Peak experience Social feeling Interpersonal relationships The democratic character structure Discrimination between means and goals, and between good and evil A philosophical, benevolent sense of humour Creativity Resistance against enculturation QUESTION 27 Which of the following statements most accurately explain Maslow's view on psychopathology? a) Psychopathology results from the failure of the environment to provide for an individual's basic needs b) Unfulfilled basic needs will reach pathological levels only in a person to whom these needs represent some form of deficiency in their lives c) Over-gratification of needs can lead to pathology d) Unfulfilled meta-needs could lead to pathological conditions called metapathologies The correct answer is: lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 15 1) All of the above 2) (a), (c) & (d) 3) (a) & (b) 4) (c) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB p352, 353 8Maslow (1970) points out that the meaning the individual gives to the fulfilment of his or her needs also has a bearing on malfunctioning. For example, unfulfilled sexual needs will reach pathological level only in a person to whom these needs represent rejection by the opposite sex, inferiority, worthlessness, a lack of respect and isolation.9 Therefore (b) is correct – referring to <deficiency in the person9s life= (c) and (d) are also factually correct as per page 353. Read the following story and answer Questions 28 to 30 Tsholofelo is a 24 year old woman. Both her parents passed away in a tragic accident when she was only 6 years old. She was left with her grandmother who passed away when Tsholofelo was 11 years old. From then on, she was passed on from one family to the other, and as a result she never had a stable sense of belonging with any of the families involved. At the age of 23 she married a very loving, caring and supportive man. Although she acknowledges that there is mutual love and caring between the two of them, she feels Inadequate in her role as a wife and she feels that she is not good enough for her husband. QUESTION 28 According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Tsholofolo's feelings of inadequacy could be attributed to a) the frustration of her need for love and belonging as a child b) ungratified safety needs when growing up c) unfulfilled self-esteem needs when growing up d) ungratified physiological needs as a child The correct answer is: 1) (a), (b) & (c) 2) (c) & (d) 3) (a) & (b) 4) All of the above The correct answer is (1) Physiological needs refer to needs that have to do with survival, such as hunger, thirst, oxygen and sleep. Tsholofelo has not been deprived of these. Therefore (d) is incorrect. Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 16 QUESTION 29 In terms of Maslow's theory, Tsholofelo is presently functioning at the level of her __ needs 1) Self-esteem, and affiliation and love 2) Self-esteem 3) Affiliation and love 4) Security The correct answer is (3) Affiliation and love is the third level on the hierarchy, while self-esteem is the fourth. The question is framed singular, not plural, (level, not levels). Therefore option (1) and (2) are both incorrect. QUESTION 30 In line with Maslow's theory, which of the following would you regard as the optimal therapeutic consideration/s when dealing with Tsholofelo's situation? a) The therapist should create a therapeutic relationship within which the therapist shows respect for Tsholofelo's innate character b) The therapist9s main task is to create a trusting environment within which Tsholofelo will be able to discover and re-discover meaning in her life c) The therapist should assume the role of a facilitator who will guide Tsholofelo towards gaining insight into her own deficient needs so that she can discover her true potential The correct answer is: 1) (b) & (c) 2) All of the above 3) (a) & (c) 4) (c) The correct answer is (2) PB p354, 355 Refer to Maslow9s comments on the atmosphere in the therapeutic context as well as acting as a facilitator in creating a therapeutic relationship, rather than proposing a unique therapeutic approach on pages 354 and 355. QUESTIONS ON ROGERS THEORY QUESTION 31 What Dr Rogers could have said to Dr Freud 1) Dr Freud, I cannot agree with you that a person is pushed and pulled by forces beyond his control, but I agree that people are inherently evil and sinful 2) Dr Freud, I agree with you that people sometimes behave irrationally and destructively, but then I believe that they are not behaving in accordance with their true natures Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 17 3) Dr Freud, I agree with you that people are basically driven by their selfish desires, because my work, like yours, is based on my experiences in working with emotionally disturbed people 4) Dr Freud, I cannot agree with you that people are born bad I believe that they are like blank slates. How they turn out depends on their positive or negative experiences The correct answer is (2) PB p366 Rogers believed that 8individuals are not just active role players in their own functioning; they can also be trusted to follow a positive course in order to realise their potential to become the best they can be.9 Therefore (1) and (3) is incorrect. Rogers 8places a high premium on the freedom and constructiveness of human nature and emphasises the person9s role as the architect of their life. This implies off course, that his theory is not deterministic, because behaviour is determined by the choices of the individual, and not by factors that lie beyond his/her control.9 Therefore (4) is incorrect. QUESTION 32 According to Rogers' theory, conditions of worth 1) Are desirable because they indicate what makes a person acceptable to others 2) Convey the conditions under which a person is judged to be worthy of acceptance 3) Are the aspects which indicate a person's worthiness 4) Are the essential aspects in any relationship The correct answer is (2) PB p400 8Condition of worth: represents the values of others which the person includes in his or her own self-concept.9 QUESTION 33 In terms of Rogers' theory, the self-concept 1) Is a little man in the head' which controls a person's behaviour 2) Is a picture a person has of him- or herself and the value a person attaches to him- or herself 3) Includes both conscious as well as unconscious experiences 4) Is fixed which ensures that the person will experience him- or herself as the same person throughout the lifespan The correct answer is (2) PB p370 8The self-concept thus refers to the 8picture9 which individuals have of themselves and the value they attach to themselves.9 QUESTION 34 According to Rogers' theory, self-actualisation refers to 1) The actualisation of the whole organism in both psychologically healthy as well as unhealthy individuals Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 18 2) The actualisation of the self-concept in both congruent as well as incongruent Individuals 3) The transcendence of the self in both congruent as well as incongruent individuals 4) The actualisation of both the physiological as well as psychological levels in the congruent person only The correct answer is (4) PB p372 8Rogers does not use the term 8self-actualising9, but when he does so, he is referring specifically to the actualisation of the self (in the sense of self concept).9 8In such a person (congruent), the actualisation of the self-concept (self-actualisation) and the actualisation of the whole organism will be in harmony… in the incongruent person the self-concept does not correspond with his/her actual potential… self-actualisation is then pursued at the expense of the organism9s actualisation.9 QUESTION 35 Susan sees herself as someone who is socially incompetent .Whenever she is in company, she either has very little to say, tends to be rather short with others, or has the knack of rubbing people up the wrong way In terms of Rogers' theory, these experiences are 1) Ignored because they are irrelevant to her needs 2) Denied because they are contrary to her self-concept 3) Allowed into consciousness because they correspond with her self-concept 4) Distorted because they correspond with her self-concept The correct answer is (3) PB p376/7 Both (1) and (2) are incorrect, since Susan 8sees herself as socially incompetent9. She is not ignoring or denying the experiences. She is not distorting the experiences either, as distorting refers to experiences which are denied access to the conscious. Therefore (4) is incorrect Read the following story and then answer Questions 36 and 37 in terms of Rogers' theory Lucky is born with a practical-technical talent and he enjoys and excels at doing things of a practical technical nature. His parents, who love him very much, encourage him to take academic subjects like Latin and History, rather than practical-technical subjects. QUESTION 36 Which statement, regarding Lucky, is correct In terms of Rogers' theory? 1) Lucky perceives that his parents will only accept him if he chooses academic subjects 2) Lucky's parents, who love him very much, accept him unconditionally 3) Lucky's parents encourage him to actualise that part of his innate potential that is undeveloped 4) Lucky's parents impart important values to him - values that will benefit him in the long run The correct answer is (1) Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 19 QUESTION 37 The fact that Lucky excelled at things of a practical-technical nature implies that he was (a) _ and yet his parents encouraged him to take academic subjects like Latin and History which implies that they (b) _. 1) (a) aware of his organismic experiences at this stage (b) accepted him conditionally 2) (a) actualising his potential at this stage (b) accepted him unconditionally 3) (a) attempting to meet his need for positive regard from significant others (b) were meeting his need for conditions of worth 4) (a) functioning in terms of his own values (b) needed to incorporate his values into their lives The correct answer is (1) QUESTION 38 According to Rogers, individuals are considered to be psychologically adjusted when 1) They reach a static state where they experience satisfaction, happiness and fulfilment 2) They allow all experiences into the self-concept 3) Tension is reduced and homeostasis is achieved 4) They select defence mechanisms that minimally distort reality The correct answer is (2) PB p383 8The wider the spectrum of experience available to people and the more integrated these experiences are in the selfconcept, the better they will know themselves and be able to use their abilities and talents, choose constructive action and realise their potential fully.9 QUESTION 39 Mary was the minister's wife and the members of the congregation expected her to devote her time to the church and give up her career which she found very satisfying. However, Mary decided to pursue her career as she believed that her fulfilment would greatly contribute to her being a more effective minister's wife. Which statement would be the most correct In terms of Rogers' theory? 1) Mary cannot permit her selfish desires into consciousness and she therefore does not behave in accordance with herself concept 2) Mary allows her selfish desires into herself concept in a distorted form but will fall to achieve fulfilment in her career 3) Mary admits to her needs, trusts her own judgment, makes her own choices, and acts constructively - she evidences signs of a congruent person 4) Mary's anxiety is increased as a result of not following the expectations of others - she therefore will not become a fully functioning person Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 20 The correct answer is (3) PB p373 Refer to the section about congruency on p373 QUESTION 40 Mary sees herself as a good cook. One day she burns the supper and she blames a friend who telephoned her while she was preparing the meal. Another time she put too much salt in the vegetables, and then said that the salt is more concentrated today than it used to be. Mary still regards herself as a good cook. Which statement regarding Mary is correct in terms of Rogers' theory? 1) Mary uses defence mechanisms to improve her functioning 2) Mary denies her unpleasant experiences and expands her self-concept 3) Mary distorts her experiences to protect her self-concept 4) Mary functions congruently because she protects her cooking talents The correct answer is (3) PB p386 8For Freud, defence mechanisms are vital for the survival of the individual. By contrast, Rogers maintains that defence mechanisms are used to protect the self-concept.9 This implies that (1) is incorrect because of 8motive9 (to improve her functioning, and not to protect her self-concept) Mary does not expand her self-concept either, as she is not incorporating these experiences into her self-concept, Therefore (2) is incorrect. This is indicating of an incongruent person – therefore (4) is incorrect. QUESTIONS ON FRANKL'S THEORY QUESTION 41 Logotherapy may be justly called optimistic because it a) teaches us how to always be happy b) is based on the belief that good has the power to overcome evil c) holds the view that meaning can be found in even the worst circumstances d) shows us how we can transform a tragedy into a personal triumph The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) & (d) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (b), (c) & (d) The correct answer is (4) PB p457 8Logotherapy as a therapeutic method is especially intended for people suffering from the collective neurosis of the twentieth centure, namely noogenic neurosis, a neurosis that is caused by the inability to find meaning in life. The lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 21 goal of logotherapy is therefore to help people discover or rediscover, eaning in their lives… Logotherapy is not problem-cenred but meaning-centred.9 QUESTION 42 According to Frankl, human freedom a) gives us the ability to achieve whatever we like b) means that, unlike animals, we are free from the influence of survival instincts c) does not cancel out the possibility of failure and guilt d) implies that we can be held responsible for the kind of choices we make The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) & (b) 3) (c) & (d) 4) (d) The correct answer is (3) PB p438 8Frankl9s view of the person highlights the fact that, as humans, we have been given freedom to be able to exercise responsibility, to live a life beyond mere animal existence, to live on a dimension of meaning in realising timeless values as these emanate from a divine or transhuman dimension, to live highly personalised lives as we, each in our own unique way, embrace the opportunities and fulfil the tasks that life presents to each one of us.9 QUESTION 43 The statement by Frankl that life is unconditionally meaningful means that a) each and every situation in life, good or bad, contains the challenge to live our lives meaningfully b) the bad in life does not cancel out the good c) suffering and dying can be ignored or cast aside since these human afflictions will not last forever d) unavoidable suffering is no longer so unbearable once there is a reason to suffer bravely The correct answer is: 1) (a) & (d) 2) (a), (b) & (d) 3) (b) & (c) 4) (b), (c) & (d) The correct answer is (2) PB p439, 449 8Every situation of life contains a unique challenge to live our lives purposefully, with meaning.9 8To live is to suffer, to find meaning in life is to find meaning in suffering. If there is a purpose in life at all, there must be a purpose in suffering and dying.9 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 22 QUESTION 44 Which of the following views represent Frankl's thoughts on human existence? a) Human existence is characterised by a radical transcendence of animal existence b) Human beings are totally different in nature from creatures In the animal kingdom c) Self-transcendence is a uniquely human capacity d) In humans, survival needs never predominate whereas in the animal kingdom they do The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) & (b) 3) (a) & (c) 4) (c) The correct answer is (3) QUESTION 45 By meaning Frankl meant a) the particular right thing to do in any given situation as discerned by our conscience b) something meaningful outside of ourselves that we discern and which we do not invent c) the voice of the Transcendent d) universal and timeless values that we experience in a highly personal way in the unique events of our own lives The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a), (b) & (c) 3) (a) & (b) 4) (b) & (d) The correct answer is (1) PB p440, 441 8Meaning is not something we create or invent. Meaning is found.9 8The objective existence of the meaning in live is proved9 by our conscience (also referred to as the voice of the Transcendent). 8Life9s meanings and values… have universal and timeless significance.9 QUESTION 46 According to Frankl a) Only a specific religion encompasses the one truth of the meaning of human existence lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 23 b) Religion is the one thing that human beings should adhere to if their lives are to be judged as worthwhile c) Non-religious people are excluded from finding any meaning in life and are doomed to a meaningless existence d) What we think and personally believe is less important than to embrace the values and demands our religions teach and place upon us The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (b), (c) & (d) 3) (b) & (d) 4) None of the above The correct answer is (4) PB p442 8According to Frankl (1967), the meaning of life cannot be incorporated by any one or a specific religious dogma… Meaning cannot be prescribed or commanded.9 QUESTION 47 Identical twin brothers grew up in a home with a drunken, emotionally abusive and physically violent father. When they grew up Tom, the one twin, became as abusive and violent and as much of a drunkard as his father was. Tim, The other twin, never abused drink, was not a violent man, and loved and tenderly cared for his wife and children. Which one of the following possibilities is the most likely from Frankl's point of view? 1) The different reactions of the twins as adults to the same childhood environments can be explained on the basis that no social input from the environment is exactly the same in any two cases 2) In Tom's case, deficiency needs prevailed, whereas In Tim's case, the need for self-actualization was somehow stronger 3) Drives and needs, their satisfaction or frustration, explain a person's behaviour. Tom acted out his frustrations and Tim, through reaction formation, struggled with the same frustrated needs and wishes 4) Tim, in reviewing and evaluating his childhood experiences as to their consequences or hurtful effects upon him and others, chose not to follow the same course as his father, whereas Tom did The correct answer is (4) QUESTION 48 In Frankl's View, personality is a) Shaped on the basis of how a person chooses to act or behave b) A sum total greater than the part played by the genetic, psychological and social influences in a person's life Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 24 c) not a set entity, but is something that can change face d) something that must be worked at, even if the person has achieved psychological maturity The correct answer is: 1) (a) 2) (a) & (b) 3) (a), (b) & (d) 4) All of the above The correct answer is (4) PB p451 Refer to Frankl9s view on the development of the personality on p451 QUESTION 49 Noodynamics means a) a totally spiritual way of being b) an interplay between our freedom to choose and what we choose in the light of the dictates of our conscience c) an existential conflict caused by a sense of spiritual emptiness d) the dynamics of personality based on our freedom of will and the will to find and realise meaning in our lives The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (b), (c) & (d) 3) (b) & (d) 4) (d) The correct answer is (4) PB p445 Option (c) refers to noogenic neurosis and is therefore incorrect. 8Frankl speaks about noodynamics or the spiritual dynamics of being human, rather than psychodynamics. QUESTION 50 Sam grew up in an American home where he was told that he could become the most powerful man in the world, the President of the United States, if he put his mind to it. Sam, however, had a learning problem and had difficulty in achieving high marks in school, however hard he tried. But his parents insisted that all things are possible, even overcoming his learning problems. He must keep his hopes alive that he can achieve anything in life if he just wanted to badly enough. Which statement would most accurately reflect Frankl's views on a matter such as the one portrayed in Sam's story? Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 25 1) It is characteristic of human freedom that all things are possible for the one who believes this to be so 2) Human freedom is not limitless. The limitations of and restrictions in our lives often serve to guide and steer us in the direction and fulfilment of our own and unique destinies 3) Great achievers, like the President of the United States, are meant to inspire us to reach the same great heights in life 4) The worth of a person's life is measured by the measure of success he or she has managed to achieve The correct answer is (2) QUESTIONS ON THE AFRICAN PERSPECTIVES QUESTION 51 The worldview of the traditional African is based on a 1) Holistic and theocentric view 2) Holistic and person-oriented view 3) Holistic and anthropocentric view 4) person-oriented and pantheistic view The correct answer is (3) PB p541 8The African view of the person and worldview are founded on a holistic and anthropocentric ontology.9 Read the following paragraph carefully and answer Questions 52 to 55 Maggy does not believe in traditional African belief systems. Her family is not happy with her attitude because they believe that she is ignoring her culture. She is now having odd experiences like dreaming of her late great-grand mother (whom she did not know), asking her to become a sangoma. She made it clear to her family that she would not consider becoming a sangoma. In addition to the dream, she is experiencing headaches that do not seem to respond to treatment. QUESTION 52 In line With the traditional African beliefs, how would you expect Maggy's family to react to her dream? They might 1) Interpret her dream on a symbolic level 2) Look at it more as a reflection of concrete reality 3) View it tentatively since the person she dreamt of is not known to her 4) Ignore her dream since interpretation of dreams is more a Western concept The correct answer is (2) PB p558 8Dreams are not interpreted on a symbolic level, but are more like reflections of concrete reality.9 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 26 QUESTION 53 If someone ignores the demands of the ancestors like Maggy does, what would be the possible outcome in line with traditional African beliefs? 1) The ancestors might push her to change her attitude 2) She might not recover from her illness unless she responds to their call of becoming a sangoma 3) The ancestors will try and use her parents to change her mind 4) There will be no effect on Maggy's life because she does not believe in traditional systems The correct answer is (2) PB p558 8If the demands of the ancestors, however, are ignored, they send disorder and misfortune – physical and mental illness – as punishment or warnings to amend one9s behaviour,9 QUESTION 54 Based on the above story, Maggy's illness could be viewed by traditional Africans as 1) A reflection of disharmony between herself and the ancestors 2) A psychosomatic disorder 3) An invasion of evil spirits caused by sorcerers 4) The outcome of witchcraft The correct answer is (1) QUESTION 55 If Maggy was to consult a traditional African healer, he or she would probably 1) Ask her to relate in detail the problem she is experiencing 2) Focus on the causal links of her illness 3) Help to restore and balance the power of the universe 4) Focus less on her socio-cultural background, and rather on her symptoms The correct answer is (3) African healing practices does not focus on verbal communication, therefore (1) is incorrect. QUESTION 56 How is the concept of time understood from an African perspective? 1) The focus is on the things that are currently happening or that have already happened and there is no reliance on the things that are still to happen 2) The focus is on something that will happen in the natural rhythm of phenomena Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 27 3) Traditional Africans do not believe in an infinite future but they emphasise rather long-term events 4) Traditional Africans believe in the present and an infinite future The correct answer is (1) PB p549-552 Refer to the concept of time in an African perspective on pages 549-552 Read the following paragraph carefully and answer Questions 57 to 59 For most of Gadifele's life she has preferred to keep to herself and actively avoids social interactions. She seems indifferent and emotionally cold towards others. She also has a tendency of talking to herself, as if she is conversing with imaginary people. People in her community are deeply touched and very emotional about her problem. They think that she has been invaded by evil spirits. QUESTION 57 The meaning that the community has attached to Gadifele's problem could be explained by which of the following cosmic order/s? 1) Meso-cosmos 2) Macro-cosmos 3) Micro-cosmos 4) Macro- and Meso-cosmos The correct answer is (2) PB p563 Meso-cosmic order: a kind of no man9s land, where coincidence, the ancestors and forces of malignant spirits and sorcerers hold sway,9 QUESTION 58 Which one of the following most accurately reflects the cognitive functioning displayed by the community in the story? 1) Intuitive rationality 2) Logic of the reason 3) Analytical thinking 4) Analytical and intuitive thinking The correct answer is (1) PB p563 8Intuitive rationality: a description of African cognitive functioning relying more on intuition and emotion than on pre rationality.9 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 28 QUESTION 59 If you were practising within the framework of the traditional African worldview, which one of the following aims would fit with your therapeutic process during your intervention with Gadifele? 1) To help Gadifele to function as an autonomous, independent being 2) To have an understanding of the limitations that her belief system imposes on her 3) To provide an avenue to see herself as an integral part of her community and to understand the link between her behaviour and her belief system, without necessarily avoiding responsibility for her behaviour 4) To assist her, within her cultural context, to understand the cause of her behaviour, without her necessarily taking responsibility for it The correct answer is (4) QUESTION 60 Which of the following statement/s about the traditional African view on illness and psychopathology is/are correct? a) mental illness is accompanied by physical symptoms b) the emphasis is placed on the importance of harmony between the person's mind and the universe c) mental disorders are seen as psychosomatic disorders d) the ancestors play an important role in the causation of mental illness The correct answer is: 1) All of the above 2) (a) 3) (b) & (d) 4) (c) The correct answer is (3) PB p555-558 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 29 October/November 2014 Exam Questions and Solutions QUESTIONS ON FREUD'S THEORY QUESTION 1 Freud's view of humankind is partly based on the assumption of biological and psychic determinism. This means that 1) The person is constantly caught up in physical principles of energy consumption, conservation and transformation 2) Human drives are physiologically based and rooted within the body and that the conflict which determines behaviour, takes place within the psyche 3) The person is caught up in a constant conflict between his or her sexual and aggressive drives and the demands of society 4) Human drives are constantly in conflict with the biological and psychic factors which determine behaviour The correct answer is (2) PB p52 8Freud describes human drives as physiologically based and rooted within the body.9 8… the conflict that essentially determines all behaviour takes place within the psyche...9 QUESTION 2 Complete the following sentences. The ego functions according to the (a), ___ and the (b), ___. This means that the ego (c) ___. 1) (a) primary process (b) reality principle (c) finds suitable primary reinforcers to satisfy the id's drives by taking the physical, social and moral reality into account 2) (a) secondary process (b) reality principle (c) finds suitable objects for drive satisfaction by planning and evaluating situations, and by taking the physical and social reality into account 3) (a) primary process (b) pleasure principle (c) seeks immediate and complete satisfaction of the Id's drives without considering anything but the id's immediate pleasure 4) (a) secondary process (b) moral principle (c) find suitable objects for drive satisfaction by planning and evaluating situations, and by taking the conscious and the ego-ideal of the superego into account The correct answer is (2) PB p54 8The ego9s job is to serve the id9s needs by finding suitable objects for real drive satisfaction… it functions according to the secondary process and the reality principle. QUESTION 3 The following story is a metaphor (an example) of the structure of the personality, according to Freud's theory. Please read it and answer the question which follows. Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 30 A big mining company In South Africa experiences labour unrest. The mine workers demand more money, better recreation facilities and better working conditions, including shorter shifts. Management realizes that they are in trouble, because they will have to close the mine down if they agree to all the demands set by the workers. Management appoints an independent labour consultant to help them overcome the labour unrest. The consultant should see to it that the workers' demands do not go unanswered, while at the same time, management will still be able to run a profitable mining company. According to this story, the ego is represented by the (a) ___ , while the superego is represented by the (b), __ . 1) (a) labour consultant (b) management 2) (a) mine workers (b) management 3) (a) labour consultant (b) mine workers 4) (a) mine workers (b) labour consultant The correct answer is (1) The ego is the 8mediator9 between the id and the superego, therefor the labour consultant as a mediator would be the correct option. The mine workers 8demands9 is like that of the id, and the management would be the 8representative of societies codes9. QUESTION 4 Read the following story and identify the characteristics of John's aggressive drive. John is an extremely aggressive boy. He gets involved in street fights almost every day, in which he beats up, kicks and bites innocent children on the streets. John's fists, teeth and feet are the (a) of his aggressive drive. The innocent children can be seen as the (b) of John's aggressive drive. John was once in hospital for a whole week, without any outlet for his aggression. We can say that the (c) of John's drive was very high when he got back to the streets. 1) (a) source (b) victims (c) goal 2) (a) source (b) object (c) impetus 3) (a) object (b) source (c) energy 4) (a) impetus (b) goal (c) source The correct answer is (2) PB p57 Source is the part of the body that needs 8satisfaction9. Object refers to the thing or person suitable for the drive9s satisfaction. Impetus refers to the intensity of the drive. Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 31 QUESTION 5 According to Freud, John, in the above mentioned story, has a strong 1) Life drive 2) Ego 3) Death drive 4) Superego The correct answer is (3) PB p60 8Freud ascribes all violence, aggression and destructive behaviour of any kind to the death drive.9 QUESTION 6 Ego drives are distinguished from the sexual drives in that a) ego drives are related to the survival of the individual, while sexual drives are related to the survival of the species b) The ego drives provide the energy needed for the functioning of the ego, while the sexual drives provide the energy required for the functioning of the superego c) ego drives are not, like the sexual drives, associated with moral prescriptions and guilt feelings The correct answer is: 1) (a) 2) (c) 3) (a) and (b) 4) (a) and (c) The correct answer is (4) PB p59 Ego drives are clearly distinguished from the sexual drives in that:  They are related to the survival of the individual, while sexual drives are related to the survival of the species.  They are not, like the sexual drives, associated with moral prescriptions and guilt feelings  They provide the energy required for the functioning of the ego. QUESTION 7 We can differentiate between neurotic and moral anxiety by saying that in the case of neurotic anxiety (a) , while in the case of moral anxiety (b) 1) (a) the ego is threatened by actual dangers in the environment (b) the ego is threatened because it is not strong enough to control the id drives 2) (a) the ego fears that a forbidden, unconscious drive will become conscious and uncontrollable (b) the ego fears that the superego will punish it for a forbidden drive or action Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 32 3) (a) the ego is unable to meet the demands of reality (b) the ego is unable to meet the demands of the superego 4) (a) the ego's anxiety stems from a shortage of drive energy which is experienced as discomfort, tension and pain (b) the ego's anxiety stems from a fear of punishment by the superego if id drives should be expressed The correct answer is (2) PB p62 8In the case of neurotic anxiety the ego fears, more specifically, that a forbidden drive, which has been unconscious up to that point in time, will appear in the conscious mind or that a drive will become uncontrollable, which would lead to punishment and feelings of guilt.9 In the case of moral anxiety the emphasis is more on fear of the superego: the ego fears that the superego will punish it for a forbidden drive or action.9 QUESTION 8 Mr Johnson has the desire to see women naked. He accuses his male colleagues of having this desire, and he begins a campaign at work in the form of a newsletter, warning men against women who wear provocative clothes. According to Freud, this is an example of 1) denial and projection 2) reaction formation and rationalisation 3) projection and reaction formation 4) displacement and sublimation The correct answer is (3) PB p64 8Projection is essentially an attempt to keep unconscious psychic material unconscious by subjectively 8changing9 the focus to the drives or wishes of other people.9 See also the example on p64. 8Reaction formation is a mechanism whereby the individual tries to keep a forbidden desire unconscious by adopting a fanatical stance that gives the impression that he or she experiences exactly the opposite desire.9 QUESTION 9 The boy in the phallic phase tries to cope with the Oedipus complex by means of the ___ defence mechanisms. 1) Repression and identification 2) Fixation and regression 3) Displacement and sublimation 4) Projection and reaction formation The correct answer is (1) PB p74,75 8The boy tries to cope with this maze of prohibited desires and intense fear, which Freud calls the <Oedipus complex=, by means of the defence mechanisms repression and identification.9 Downloaded by Thomas Mboya () lOMoARcPSD| © 2018 Together We Pass. All rights reserved. Pg. 33 QUESTION 10 Rationalisation is by and large ineffective as a defence mechanism because 1) Through rationalisation the psychic energy which was invested in giving reasons for your behaviour, is canalised into a substitute object 2) It maintains the repression of unacceptable desires and it uses a great deal of the psychic energy from the repressed desires, without immediately leading to further social prohibition 3) Through rationalisation the causes of anxiety remain intact and force the ego to keep up its defences in order to become a strong ego 4) It does not succeed in reducing the energy attached to the unconscious and anxiety provoking drives, although rationalisation is geared toward the alleviation of anxiety The correct answer is (4) PB p67 8The mechanisms discussed up to this point (repression and resistance, projection, reaction formation, rationalisation, fixation and regression, identification) are by and large ineffective. Although they are geared toward alleviation of anxiety, they do not succeed in reducing the energy attached to the unconscious and anxiety provoking sexual and aggressive drives.9 QUESTIONS ON THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY Read the following story and then answer Questions 11 to 13, based on the story in terms of the social cognitive