Psychology 101 Spring 2022 Exam 3 – Practice Questions (with answers) – Complete

Psychology 101 Spring 2022 Exam 3 – Practice Questions (with answers) – Complete 1. Anka, who is 1 year old, has been classically conditioned to fear her pediatrician’s office because that is where she receives shots, but she is not fearful when she goes to the dermatologist’s office, where she does not receive shots. This demonstrates: a. generalization b. discrimination c. extinction d. spontaneous recovery 2. A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour, that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes. If we want to test for the possibility of generalization, what procedure should we follow? a. Present a flashing green light. b. Produce extinction, then wait and test response to the flashing blue light. c. Present the flashing blue light without the puff of air. d. Present the puff of air without the flashing blue light. 3. Which of the following is most likely to occur during an experiment on classical conditioning? a. The participant shows spontaneous recovery before extinction. b. A participant that has been trained to discriminate responds equally to all stimuli. c. The participant displays an unconditioned response on the first trial. d. The participant displays a conditioned response on the first trial. 4. In Pavlov’s experiments, the food is the: a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus 5. In Pavlov’s experiments, the dogs’ salivation following the tone is the: a. conditioned response b. conditioned stimulus c. unconditioned response d. unconditioned stimulus 6. In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is: a. generalization b. extinction c. discrimination d. spontaneous recovery 7. Suppose your alarm makes a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn’t wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is: a. waking up to your alarm b. the alarm c. the clicking d. waking up to the clicking 8. Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” before throwing a football at his sister, Lisa, who holds out her arms to catch it. Across the next hour, Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” and then throws a football at Lisa several more times. Next, Bart shouts, “Cowabunga!” but does not throw a football at Lisa; however, Lisa holds out her arms. Bart then shouts, “Catch!” and Lisa responds by holding out her arms. In this situation, what constitutes the acquisition phase? a. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then throwing a football at Lisa b. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa c. Bart shouting, “Catch!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa d. Lisa holding out her arms in response to the football being thrown at her e. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” f. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Catch!” 9. In the situation above, what reflects generalization? a. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then throwing a football at Lisa b. Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa c. Bart shouting, “Catch!” and then not throwing a football at Lisa d. Lisa holding out her arms in response to the football being thrown at her e. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Cowabunga!” f. Lisa holding out her arms in response to Bart shouting, “Catch!” 10. Ziyue tells her son that he doesn’t have to do his chores one night when he behaves well at home. This illustrates: a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement 11. When Grisha gets a bad grade, his dad takes away his video games for a week. This illustrates: a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement 12. When Kitz uses vulgar words, his mother makes him write “I will not use vulgar words” 100 times. This illustrates: a. negative punishment b. positive punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement 13. To train an animal to make some response, a psychologist decides to use the procedure known as shaping. This means that the psychologist will: a. display the correct response and let the animal imitate. b. start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response. c. force the animal into the necessary position to make the response. d. deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response. 14. Eld is a physically aggressive teenager because his friends have always complimented him when he wins physical fights. This illustrates: a. explicit memory. b. observational learning. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning. 15. Petra wants to teach her cat to use her paw to open the bedroom door. To do so, she first rewards the cat for going near the bedroom door, then gives her a reward for putting her paw in the air near the bedroom door, then rewards her for putting her paw on the doorknob, etc. until the cat learns to open the door with her paw. This illustrates: a. modeling. b. a fixed interval schedule. c. shaping. d. counterconditioning. 16. Spencer makes donations to Unicef because he likes the colorful return address labels they send him in return. He makes the donations due to: a. observational learning b. second-order conditioning c. extrinsic motivation d. intrinsic motivation 17. Little Suni really enjoys her gymnastics classes, and to encourage their daughter to do well, her parents start giving her toys and ice cream whenever she has a good practice. Unfortunately, Suni starts to find gymnastics boring, which can be explained by: a. counterconditioning. b. the use of continuous reinforcement. c. the law of effect. d. the overjustification effect. 18. Sperling’s study in which participants were briefly flashed 12 letters demonstrated that, for a fraction of a second, letters were in their iconic memory. a. 0 b. 2 c. 4 d. 12 19. After seeing a billboard advertising Rita’s Water Ice, Daenerys feels parched and in the mood for a sweet frozen treat, although she doesn’t realize why she has this craving. Daenerys’s response is affected by her memory. a. implicit b. explicit c. semantic d. episodic 20. Wes, a suspect of a crime, is asked to provide an alibi for between 10 and 11 pm on May 11. Wes recalled studying for his constitutional law exam with Asher at the library at that time, which is an example of memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. recognition d. semantic 21. Which of the following questions would best enable you to remember the word “ball?” a. Is the word blue? b. Does it start with b? c. Does it rhyme with fall? d. Is it used in sports? 22. Suppose an experimenter asks people a question about something they did not see (e.g., people who did not see a truck might be asked what color the truck was). How does asking such a question affect people’s memory, if at all? a. People who hear such a question are more likely than other people are to report seeing the item (e.g., the truck). b. People who hear such a question are less likely than other people are to report seeing the item (e.g., the truck). c. People who hear such a question deny seeing the item (e.g., the truck), but they recall something else that was not present (e.g., a train). d. Asking such a question has no measurable effect on behavior. 23. Although the patient H.M. suffered severe anterograde amnesia, he remained fairly normal in his ability to learn: a. the meanings of new words b. new factual information c. new skills d. the names of people who had become famous since his operation 24. A student who just found out that he was not admitted to Rutgers spends his days rehearsing "if onlys": "If only I had studied more in high school"; "if only I had taken the SATs more seriously"; "if only I had done more volunteer work." The student is demonstrating the heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. simulation d. base-rate 25. Yanlin studied for her psychology final exam while listening to Beethoven. To increase the likelihood that during the exam, she will remember the material she studied, it would be best if Yanlin took the exam: a. in silence (music would distract her) b. right after drinking coffee (because coffee stimulates memory) c. while listening to Beethoven d. while listening to Mozart 26. If Yanlin (from the previous question) does what you suggest, she’s capitalizing on: a. the serial position effect b. maintenance rehearsal c. selective attention d. context-dependent memory 27. Mistakenly concluding that the forgetful acts of an elderly person must be indicative of Alzheimer’s disease (because the memory impairments seem typical of Alzheimer’s disease) best illustrates the heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. simulation d. base-rate 28. If you are trying to learn a list of words, what would be the best possible advice? a. Make the conditions of learning and recall as different as possible. b. Ensure that the words are always studied in the exact same order. c. Simply recite the list a few extra times. d. Go through the list thinking about the meaning of each word. 29. Pablo, who identifies as male, is about to take an essay exam on literature, and overhears two teachers talking about girls having better verbal skills than boys. Pablo is likely to experience: a. a fixed mindset. b. self-actualization. c. the misattribution of arousal. d. stereotype threat. 30. Laurel, a law student assisting on a case, believes that her client is guilty of a crime. When her fellow law students point out various pieces of evidence that point to the client’s innocence, Laurel doesn’t pay attention, and when later reviewing the case, only remembers the evidence suggesting that the client is guilty; therefore, she maintains her belief that the client did commit the crime. The persistence of Laurel’s belief can be explained by: a. self-actualization b. the representativeness heuristic c. the serial position effect d. a confirmation bias 31. In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need that is highest (last) on the hierarchy is: a. belongingness and love b. self-actualization c. physiological d. esteem 32. According to the theory of emotion, after someone steals our car, we will first experience an increased heart rate and then experience anger. a. James-Lange b. Cannon-Bard c. Schachter-Singer d. Craik-Tulving 33. Which scenario supports the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion? a. Ash approaches his friend Avery, who is walking a dog. As the dog begins to bark, Ash’s heart races; he thinks about why this is the case, and realizes he has a crush on Avery. b. Brock wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from ear to ear and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. c. Shauna feels very depressed about her recent break-up. She slumps down on her couch and cries for an hour, and then she begins to feel better. d. Kiawe relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat. 34. In the “wobbly bridge” study, what is the explanation for why the men crossing the wobbly part of the bridge were more likely to call the woman than those on the stable part of the bridge? a. In the presence of an attractive person, the men attempted to repress their fear. b. Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate. c. During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themselves. d. The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as physical attraction. 35. Neeka drank a Red Bull (an energy drink) and then found herself feeling very angry and screaming obscenities when watching her little brother’s little league game in which the umpire made some errors. This is probably due to: a. the facial feedback hypothesis. b. the actor-observer effect. c. the misattribution of arousal. d. cognitive dissonance. 36. In a study of the , participants who were aware that essay writers were told what position to take regarding Fidel Castro made attributions. a. actor-observer effect; situational b. fundamental attribution error; situational c. actor-observer effect; dispositional d. fundamental attribution error; dispositional 37. In Festinger’s study, participants who were paid to lie to the next group of participants about their enjoyment of the task were most likely to change their attitudes – they then believed that the task was fun. a. $20 b. $50 c. $1 d. $5 38. In the previous question, the participants changed their attitudes due to: a. insufficient justification for their behavior b. sufficient justification for their behavior c. effort justification d. pressures to conform 39. Fraternity pledges who are subjected difficult hazing practices are more committed to their fraternities than pledges who undergo mild initiation rituals due to: a. the fundamental attribution error b. self-serving attributions c. cognitive dissonance d. group polarization 40. When other shoppers leave their shopping carts next to their cars rather than putting them in the designated spot, Spencer thinks the other shoppers are selfish and lazy. When Spencer leaves his shopping cart next to his car rather than putting it in the designated spot, he knows that he is in a huge hurry to get to work. This reflects the: a. self-serving attribution b. cognitive dissonance effect c. fundamental attribution error d. actor-observer effect 41. Sophocles assumes that all of his professors have outgoing and talkative personalities since he always sees them talking. This assumption reflects: a. the actor-observer effect b. a self-serving attribution c. the fundamental attribution error d. cognitive dissonance 42. Apolo, a speed-skater, feels good about being strong and training hard when he wins, but when he loses, he says that the other skaters cheated. This shows the: a. self-serving attribution b. bystander effect c. fundamental attribution error d. actor-observer effect 43. JJ has just agreed to donate $100 to support the troops, although she has anti-military attitudes. According to theory, she is likely to become more pro-military. a. attribution b. cognitive dissonance c. social role d. normative social influence In-Class Poll questions 44. As Haku hears a song on the radio, she feels anxious. The song was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they yelled a lot at each other, causing Haku intense anxiety. What is the unconditioned stimulus? a. anxiety in response to the song b. anxiety in response to parents fighting c. the song d. parents fighting 45. As Haku hears a song on the radio, she feels anxious. The song was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they yelled a lot at each other, causing Haku intense anxiety. What is the conditioned stimulus? a. anxiety in response to the song b. anxiety in response to parents fighting c. the song d. parents fighting 46. As Haku hears a song on the radio, she feels anxious. The song was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they yelled a lot at each other, causing Haku intense anxiety. What is the unconditioned response? a. anxiety in response to the song b. anxiety in response to parents fighting c. the song d. parents fighting 47. As Haku hears a song on the radio, she feels anxious. The song was very popular at a time when her parents were going through a divorce. During this time, they yelled a lot at each other, causing Haku intense anxiety. What is the conditioned response? a. anxiety in response to the song b. anxiety in response to parents fighting c. the song d. parents fighting 48. Discrimination is the opposite of: a. second-order conditioning. b. generalization. c. extinction. d. spontaneous recovery. 49. In Watson and Raynor’s study with Little Albert, what was the unconditioned stimulus? a. the white rat b. fear in response to the white rat c. the loud noise d. fear in response to the loud noise 50. In Watson and Raynor’s study with Little Albert, what was the unconditioned response? a. the white rat b. fear in response to the white rat c. the loud noise d. fear in response to the loud noise 51. In Watson and Raynor’s study with Little Albert, what was the conditioned stimulus? a. the white rat b. fear in response to the white rat c. the loud noise d. fear in response to the loud noise 52. In Watson and Raynor’s study with Little Albert, what was the conditioned response? a. the white rat b. fear in response to the white rat c. the loud noise d. fear in response to the loud noise 53. In the roommate video, what is the US? a. that was easy b. being shot with the nerf gun c. flinching in response to that was easy d. flinching in response to being hit with the nerf gun 54. In the roommate video, what is the CR? a. that was easy b. being shot with the nerf gun c. flinching in response to “that was easy” d. flinching in response to being hit with the nerf gun 55. In the roommate video, what is the CS? a. “that was easy” b. being shot with the nerf gun c. flinching in response to that was easy d. flinching in response to being hit with the nerf gun 56. In the roommate video, what is the UR? a. “that was easy” b. being shot with the nerf gun c. flinching in response to “that was easy” d. flinching in response to being hit with the nerf gun 57. During acquisition, which should come first? a. the UR b. the CR c. the US d. the CS 58. Bronn’s driver’s license was suspended because he was driving under the influence of alcohol. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment 59. Sandor learns that talking in a funny voice gets him lots of attention from his classmates, so now he talks that way often. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment 60. Sansa’s father wants Sansa to stop leaving his dirty laundry on the floor. He tells Sansa that every time he leaves his laundry on the floor, he will have to mop the floor, a chore that Sansa hates. Sansa’s father is using: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment 61. Shae, who has test anxiety, finds that when she meditates before a test, her anxiety level decreases; thus, she continues meditating before every test. Meditating is being: a. positively reinforced b. negatively reinforced c. positively punished d. negatively punished 62. Your psychology instructor announces that she will administer several unannounced pop quizzes throughout the semester and that your scores on these quizzes will count toward your final grade. Your instructor has put you on what type of reinforcement schedule? a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval 63. At casino slot machines, a player may hit the jackpot after a random number of pulls (sometimes it may be after 3 pulls; other times, it may be after 80 pulls). This is a schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval 64. Yara stuffs advertisements into envelopes in her spare time to earn extra college money. She gets paid for each box of 3000 envelopes she stuffs and sends to her employer. This is a schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval 65. Roose tells you that her children always behave better on Fridays than on any other day of the week. Given this information, what reinforcement schedule would you suspect these children are on for their allowance? a. fixed-ratio b. variable-ratio c. fixed-interval d. variable-interval 66. Which of the following would you NOT store in semantic memory? a. What you did to celebrate your high school graduation b. The capital of Canada c. The formula for calculating the circumference of a circle d. The year that WWII ended 67. Remembering that J.D. Salinger wrote "The Catcher in the Rye" involves the use of memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. procedural d. semantic 68. A conscious memory of the name of the state flower of NJ (common blue violet) is a(n) memory. a. explicit b. implicit c. procedural d. episodic 69. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used? a. recall b. recognition c. rehearsal d. relearning 70. In an effort to remember the meaning of the word aberration, Hisoka states the definition aloud 20 times. He is using a technique known as: a. maintenance rehearsal. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. context-dependent memory. d. state-dependent memory. 71. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which measure of memory is being used? a. recall b. recognition c. rehearsal d. relearning 72. After hearing that her neighbor contracted Lyme disease, Dot began to fear that she would also get Lyme disease, and stopped going outside. Dot’s use of her neighbor’s recent diagnosis in making her decision about going outside reflects the heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. simulation d. base-rate 73. When I was given a ticket for having a broken headlight, I thought, If only I had left a few minutes earlier – then the police officer would not have seen me. This demonstrates the heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. simulation d. base-rate 74. When asked to guess whether Leorio, who wears a cowboy hat and boots, is from Montana or California, you guess Montana because he seems typical of someone from Montana. This demonstrates the heuristic. a. availability b. representativeness c. simulation d. base-rate 75. When asked to guess whether Leorio, who wears a cowboy hat and boots, is from Montana or California, you guess California because more people live in California. You have used in making your decision. a. the availability heuristic b. base-rate information c. counterfactual thinking d. the representativeness heuristic 76. You are debating about whether your middle-schooler should take a language class or another elective. Because you know that learning a second language is associated with , you have your child select a language class. a. better grades in high school b. stronger athletic performance c. better implicit memory d. higher likelihood of acceptance into Ivy League universities 77. Imagine that you are a high school guidance counselor, and are concerned that your students' academic performance will be affected by stereotype threat. Of the following, which would you NOT do to protect your students against stereotype threat? a. have posters in your office of successful people who share your students' stereotyped characteristic (e.g., ethnicity) b. remind your students that they can affect their academic performance by putting in effort c. encourage your students to think about their important values d. tell your students that they did well on their last exam because they are very smart. 78. Suppose you are teaching an infant care class for expectant parents and don't want the fathers to succumb to stereotype threat. Before the final exam (feeding and clothing a baby doll), which of the following should you say to the class? a. "We all know that women are better at taking care of babies than men are, but do your best." b. "Research actually shows that there are no gender differences in the ability to care for babies." c. "This test might be harder for the fathers than the mothers, so we're giving the fathers an easier final exam." d. "--" (nothing) 79. Which saying best reflects the concept of self-actualization? a. “Search for inner peace.” b. “Be all that you can be.” c. “Do unto others as you would have done unto you.” d. “Take time to stop and smell the roses.” 80. When Zett heard a loud noise, his heart started racing, and then he felt afraid. Which theory of emotion does this illustrate? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory 81. One day, Sola got very tense and was shaking, and upon realizing that a large spider was crawling on her, she felt afraid. Which theory of emotion does this illustrate? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory 82. When Shmi looked out of a window on the 120th floor of a building, her heart raced and, at the same time, she felt afraid. Which theory of emotion does this illustrate? a. James-Lange theory b. Cannon-Bard theory c. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory 83. When Monica leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, she tells herself that she did so because she is very busy; when Rachel leaves her dirty dishes in the sink, Monica thinks that Rachel is lazy and inconsiderate. Monica is demonstrating the: a. fundamental attribution error. b. actor-observer effect. c. self-serving bias. d. cognitive dissonance effect. 84. Suppose you see a child pushing other children at the playground. If you make the fundamental attribution error, you are likely to attribute the child’s behavior to: a. the presence of bees on the playground from which the child wanted to protect the other children. b. the high level of conflict and physical aggression the child witnesses at home. c. the child’s bullying nature. d. the child’s history of being rewarded for violence. 85. When Akio was promoted to AD, he said that he had earned it by being smart and hard-working. When he was later passed over for the Dir. position, he said that the selection committee was unfair and biased. This illustrates the: a. fundamental attribution error. b. actor-observer effect. c. self-serving bias. d. representativeness heuristic. 86. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) study, who came to enjoy the activities (e.g., moving spools back and forth) the most? a. the participants paid $1 b. the participants paid $20 c. All participants found the task boring regardless of how much they were paid. 87. In an experiment, students (who generally supported free speech) wrote essays in favor of banning controversial speakers from campus. Some were told that they must write the essay for the study; others were told that it would be appreciated if they did so, but it was their choice. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, which students came to be less supportive of free speech? a. the students who were told that they were required to write the essay b. the students who were told that they could choose whether or not to write the essay c. the students who were in neither condition - they all maintained their initial attitudes d. the students who were in both conditions - they were all affected by writing the essay 88. Suppose, for a speech competition, a student gives a speech arguing the merits of tight legal restrictions on gun ownership. theory would predict that they would feel more strongly in favor of gun control laws after the competition. a. Attribution theory b. Cognitive dissonance theory c. Social influence theory d. Social role theory