WGU Biochem OA Review With Complete Solution.

Males and Females are equally affected Autosomal The process of copying DNA in the lab Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) What is needed for Polymerase Chain Reaction? Template DNA, Nucleotides (dNTPS), DNA Polymerase, and DNA Primers What are the three steps of a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)? Denaturing, Annealing, Elongating What is the first step of a Polymerase Chain Reaction? Denaturing (DNA is heated up to separate it) What is Annealing? Cooling the Polymerase Chain Reaction. Primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and ADD DNA Polymerase What is Elongating? The Polymerase Chain Reaction is heated and DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to build a new DNA strand What is NOT involved in PCR? Ligase What is base excision repair (BER)? It is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules by removing the base that is damaged and replacing it. #1 GLYCOSYLASES see the damaged DNA. #2 DNA Polymerase puts the right one back #3 DNA Ligase seals it. What are the 3 steps in base excision repair? DNA Glycolysase sees the damage and removes it, DNA polymerase puts the tight base back, DNA ligase seals it back up. How many nucleotides does base excision repair remove? 1 What is it called when a large section of the nucleotide is removed from the DNA so that DNA polymerase can try again? (This corrects DNA damage) Mismatch Repair (MMR). It is the only one to occur during REPLICATION - DURING THE PROOFREADING What repairs a base mismatch? Mismatch Repair (MMR) repairs errors such as G with T instead of G with C. DNA Polymerase fixes it. This happens during replication and MMR removes a large section of the nucleotide from the DNA and DNA Polymerase tries again What is DNA Transcription? When DNA polymerase takes an individual nucleotide and matches them to the parental sequences to ensure a correct pair. (it must bind with RNA primer to work). ie: DNA Polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA What is NecleoTIDE repair? CLEANS damage caused by things such as UV rays and repairs it. A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It is then replaced by DNA polymerase What is Homologous Recombination? It repairs double stranded breaks (last effort) by copying another strand of DNA and replacing it completely. What is Non-Homologous Recombintaion? Another last effort to repair a double strand break by putting the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/insertions (frameshift mutations). What does DNA Polymerase bind to in order to make RNA TRANSCRIPTION DNA take the individual nucleotide and match them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a correct pair? It must bind to RNA primer What happens during RNA splicing to generate a mature RNA molecule? Introns (non-coding region) are removed and exons (coding region) joined to form a contiguous coding sequence What is Gene Expression? The ability to turn genes on and off What is epigenetics? The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression NOT alternation of the gene code