WGU Biochemistry OA

WGU Biochemistry OA Bohr Effect chart (low pH) C- High CO2 H- High H+ A- Acidic R-Release of O2(rt. Shift) T- tense state (in tissues) Primary structure Sequence of amino acids that make up a protein Secondary Structure Sequence of amino acids fold. Tertiary Structure -more folding in a 3D shape. -R groups (side chains) Quaternary Structure Protein has more than 1 polypeptide chain. Chemical reaction -absorb and release energy -activation energy -energy is released (heat & light) when bonds are broken. Exothermic reaction Exo=to release Thermo=heat -chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs (as heat & light) Example of exothermic reaction Cellular respiration- breaks down glucose to make cellular energy Endothermic reaction Endo=absorb Thermos=heat -absorbs more energy than it releases Example of endothermic reaction Photosynthesis- takes in light to break down to create glucose Catalyst Substance that will decrease the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction Enzymes -catalysts used by cells -increase the rate of chemical reaction -specific to substrates Enzyme structure -they are proteins -twist, fold, bend to final shape -shape attracts specific molecules Substrate Molecules that bind to the enzyme Active site -location on enzyme where substrate binds Function of DNA polymerase in process of PCR. -increase expression -2 genes -SIRT1 & SIRT2 Function of a molecule Structural component of the lipid bilayer How would lipid production in a cell change in order to maintain fluidity of its cell membrane as it adapts to lower temperatures? Produce lipids with shorter fatty acid chains Function of cholesterol Maintains membrane fluidity Lipid (fat) soluble vitamins A, D, E, K What stimulates beta-oxidation of fatty acids? An increase in NAD+ concentration in the mitochondrial matrix What occurs in an otherwise healthy person whose diet has very few carbs and high levels of fats? Acetone is produced in the blood Amino acids -Non-polar (hydrophobic) -Polar charged -Polar uncharged Which type of mammalian DNA damage repair requires the presence of the chromosome that is homologous to the damaged chromosome? Recombination Xeroxerma Pigmentosum (XP) A recessive genetic disease that occurs when one or more of the genes that perform nucleotide excision repair are nonfunctional Why do XP patients have a much higher incidence of skin cancer than the general population? The mutation of all other genes is higher due to failure to repair. Assuming 100% reaction efficiency, how many DNA copies are created after the completion of 4 complete PCR cycles? 16 What is the function of DNA polymerase in the process of PCR? It recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the template DNA sequence. What difference in the regions of the SIRT1 & SIRT2 genes in people addicted to cocaine increases their expression? The nucleosomes become more widely spaced. What occurs during the process of alternative splicing of RNA? Alternate combinations of Exons within the same gene are linked together. Polypeptides -functional proteins -made of folded up polymers Elements Substance that cannot be broken down into another substance by chemical reaction. Ionic bond Actions share + & - charge Covalent bond When atoms share electrons Hydrogen bond Forms when portion of a polar molecule that is partially positive interacts with portion of a polar molecule that is partially negative Van der Waals interactions Occur due to random, transient movements of electrons that at any given instant, give molecules regions of + & - charges. Amino acid -has amino group (-NH2) -& a carbonyl group (-COOH) -cx. Based on side chains Elevated levels of AST & ALT -indicates liver damage (When damaged, their protein contents can spill into blood stream) Which level of protein structure is disrupted through the hydrolysis of peptide bonds? Primary Sickle cell disease Caused by mutation in the Hgb-beta gene. (Causes cells to become rigid, sticky, misshapen.) Which force is most influential in determining the secondary structure of a protein? Hydrogen bonding Hydrophobic effect Tendency of non polar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution & exclude water molecules. Hydrophobic interaction Mutation of gene for protein that leads to substitution of no polar amino acid with charged amino acid Dopamine -neurotransmitter -variety of functions (including motor control) Parkinson's = decreases dopamine. Sinemet helps by increasing dopamine levels. Lactose breaks down into : Glucose and galactose Frameshift mutation -insertion or deletion of 1 or 2 nucleotides Missense mutation -substitution of one amino acid for another -results in 10 different amino acids or 10 missense mutations Nonsense mutation -premature stop codon incorporated into the sequence -leads to a shorter protein Carbohydrates -linear -CH2O formula -energy=glucose -structure=cellulose Lipids -energy storage -signaling -high amount of C DNA -twisted ladder -double helix -in nucleus -deoxyribose -bases= Anine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guarine -in all molecules -have nucleotides RNA -plays