SOURCE AND CONVEYANCE OF WATER
INTRODUCTION
The function of a water supply scheme depends mainly on the sources of water. The selection of a
water source depends mainly on the quantity of water which it can yield to cater the needs of the
town, despite many other factors.
SOURCE OF WATER
These can be broadly classified as
i. Surface Source and
ii. Subsurface Sources
These are further classified as follows:
1.Surface Sources:
(a) Streams (b) Rivers (c) Lakes (d) Ponds (e) Impounded reservoirs
2.Sub Surface or Under Ground sources:
(a) Springs (b) Infiltration galleries (c) Infiltration wells (d) Wells
SURFACE SOURCES
(a) STREAMS:
Streams are formed by the run off. The quantity of water in streams is more in rainy season
than that in another season. The quality of water in streams is normally good. But
sometimes run-off water while flowing over ground is mixed with clay, sand and mineral
impurities. The impurities may be in suspended form or dissolved form. Hence, they need
treatment before supplying for consumption. The streams generally flow in valleys and are
the main source of water supply to villages in hilly regions which are situated near them.
(b) RIVERS:
Rivers originate in the hills where the quantity of water remains small, but as they move
forward more and more streams combine in it and increases its discharge. Rivers have
maximum quantity of water. They are polluted by the discharge of sewage from the cities,
situated near by the rivers. River water has self-purification action, due to which it
automatically becomes clean after some distance of travel from the point of disposal of
sewage. In rainy season the run-off water carries with it clay, silt, sand etc. which make the
water turbid. River water should always be used after necessary treatment. Some rivers are
Perennial and they do not require any arrangements to store water. But some rivers dry up
wholly or partly in summer, therefore they require storage works to meet the water demand
during hot weather.
(c) LAKES:
Lakes are the natural basins formed with impervious beds formed in hilly areas and receive
water from springs and streams. The quantity of water in the lakes depends on its basin
capacity, catchment area, annual rainfall, porosity of the ground etc. Lakes which are
situated at high altitudes contain pure water. But the Lakes situated in towns and cities are
often polluted by man made activities and need treatment. Also, the suspended impurities
in Lakes settle down in the bottom, but in the Lake bed, weeds, and organic growth take
INTRODUCTION
The function of a water supply scheme depends mainly on the sources of water. The selection of a
water source depends mainly on the quantity of water which it can yield to cater the needs of the
town, despite many other factors.
SOURCE OF WATER
These can be broadly classified as
i. Surface Source and
ii. Subsurface Sources
These are further classified as follows:
1.Surface Sources:
(a) Streams (b) Rivers (c) Lakes (d) Ponds (e) Impounded reservoirs
2.Sub Surface or Under Ground sources:
(a) Springs (b) Infiltration galleries (c) Infiltration wells (d) Wells
SURFACE SOURCES
(a) STREAMS:
Streams are formed by the run off. The quantity of water in streams is more in rainy season
than that in another season. The quality of water in streams is normally good. But
sometimes run-off water while flowing over ground is mixed with clay, sand and mineral
impurities. The impurities may be in suspended form or dissolved form. Hence, they need
treatment before supplying for consumption. The streams generally flow in valleys and are
the main source of water supply to villages in hilly regions which are situated near them.
(b) RIVERS:
Rivers originate in the hills where the quantity of water remains small, but as they move
forward more and more streams combine in it and increases its discharge. Rivers have
maximum quantity of water. They are polluted by the discharge of sewage from the cities,
situated near by the rivers. River water has self-purification action, due to which it
automatically becomes clean after some distance of travel from the point of disposal of
sewage. In rainy season the run-off water carries with it clay, silt, sand etc. which make the
water turbid. River water should always be used after necessary treatment. Some rivers are
Perennial and they do not require any arrangements to store water. But some rivers dry up
wholly or partly in summer, therefore they require storage works to meet the water demand
during hot weather.
(c) LAKES:
Lakes are the natural basins formed with impervious beds formed in hilly areas and receive
water from springs and streams. The quantity of water in the lakes depends on its basin
capacity, catchment area, annual rainfall, porosity of the ground etc. Lakes which are
situated at high altitudes contain pure water. But the Lakes situated in towns and cities are
often polluted by man made activities and need treatment. Also, the suspended impurities
in Lakes settle down in the bottom, but in the Lake bed, weeds, and organic growth take
